Home3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Home3 - Assignment Example Family History: The mother to the client is found to have had the same lugs problems. She is found to have experienced difficulties in breathing accompanied with some pains in her chest. Nobody else in the family has had such problems in the past. Lifestyle and Health Practices: Three of the family members including the client have been addicts of cigarette. The father to the client has smoked cigarette for a period of twelve years while the mother has also smoked cigarette. The family is used to buying medicine locally from shops in their cure for the breathing difficulties. Their exposure to colds is seen as the main reason for their problem. Current Symptoms: The client has a feeling that some of his neck vessels are swollen. He experiences some difficulties in swallowing saliva. He does not experience heart attacks. At the middle of his chest, he claims to experience some deep pains while breathing. Past History: The client experienced heart attacks some years back. This seems to have recovered after undergoing some treatments which lead him to undergoing heart surgery. He has experienced much hypertension prior to his condition while the degree of his fever has gone down. Family History: Hypertension has been a common problem to the client family. His mother and grandmother are found to have experienced the same problem while the grandfather was diabetic. There are some recorded cases of elevated cholesterol associated with many of his family members. Lifestyle and Health Practices: There is much use of drugs and alcohol in the family of the client. The client himself is a cigarette addict while his father and brother are addicts of alcohol and cigarette. Much stress originating from the use of drugs is experienced by many of his family members. The client is used to sleeping on high density pillows. Current Symptoms: The client experiences high temperatures especially during the night. His skin color

Psychological perspectives Essay Example for Free

Psychological perspectives Essay The brain is a super computer with a complicated network of neurones subserving many of the activities of our daily life. Many of us are unaware of the various interconnected processes that work in unison to let us lead a simple uncomplicated life. Only when someone is ill or not normal do we feel the messing up of a great system. Cognitive function is the intellectual process by which a person becomes aware of, perceives or comprehends ideas. Recognition, conception, sensing, thinking, reasoning, remembering and imagining all come under cognitive functions ( Parayannis, 2000) Behaviour, being emotional or angry are other features of cognitive functions of the brain. They are all related to specific centers or regions of the brain. Injury in the form of trauma or illnesses leads to various cognitive impairments. Summarizing I would deign to declare that each of us is what our brains would want us to be. The combinations and permutations of the neurones decide our personality, skills, talents, feelings, behavior and responses. However we are aware of the fact only in the case of damage to one or more areas of the brain. The theme I shall discuss in my paper is â€Å" Psychological perspectives†. I have selected four chapters from this course which I believe should carry the message of the enigma that is the brain and the emotions that are attached for a social set up. They are Memory System (Chapter 8), Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the brain( Chapter 2), Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour (Chapter 16 ) and Social Development (Chapter 3). Memory Memory is of three kinds: sensory, short-term and long-term. Sensory memory depends on auditory, visual and visuo spatial functions . Both cerebral hemispheres are involved in analyzing sensory data, performing memory functions, learning new information, forming thoughts and making decisions (Parayannis, 2000). The left takes care of the sequential analysis. New information is systematically and logically interpreted. Symbolic information like language, mathematics, abstraction and memory is also dealt with. Memory is stored in a language format. The right hemisphere deals with the interpretation of multiple sensory inputs and here memory is stored as auditory, visual and spatial functions. One’s environment is understood. The interpretation of dancing and gymnastics are possible through the right hemisphere functions. Short term memory holds small amounts of information. Selective attention is involved. Everything that we see or hear is not stored. Short term memory is sensitive to interruption or interference. combined with other mental processes, short term memory forms an area of working memory which we use to do our thinking with. This behaves like a scratchpad. When we tackle arithmetic, do a puzzle, prepare a meal or read something, we are using our working memory. Information that has to be stored for long is possible due to long term memory which is also a function of the brain. The area which holds infinite amounts of information can never run out of ‘space’. A person’s educational caliber is supported by this long term memory which is encoded in terms of meaning and importance. Our daily activities are enabled by dual memory comprising of short term and long term memory. When we have an information which we used (short-term) but is not required for the time being, we store it in our long term memory and retrieve it when necessary. Memory loss, a feature of cognitive impairment, is the delay or failure to recall recent or distant events. Amnesia is an extreme form of memory loss when caused by a more severe injury to the brain, probably in a road accident, bomb explosion or shooting incident. Involvement due to injury or aging can produce loss of memory of varying levels. Loss can be a mild dysfunction (MCI ) or severe and named as dementia. Old people of 55-80 years of age could have cognitive impairment without having any illness. Memory loss is seen in degenerative disorders or dementias like Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injuries, following ECT or in Korsakoff’s psychosis. Damage to the limbic system causes a loss of recent memory. This is seen in Korsakoff’s Disease. Recent events are forgotten due to a direct effect of alcohol or due to the associated nutritional deficiencies. . The ability to store and retrieve from short term memory is affected in natural aging too. The foremost problem is the loss of recent memory in Alzheimer’s Disease. The care-taker needs to be extremely patient as all her time would be spent for looking after the patient ( Ballenger, 2006). Traumatic Amnesia usually occurs as a transient phenomenon following a head injury. ECT induced amnesia follows episodes of ECT in a psychiatric illness. The amnesia is transient and may last a year. Patients with implicit memory (not dependent on the part of the brain) remember to do some things (Dorf et al, 1994). Extensive damage to the left cerebral cortex can affect long term memory. Damage to the right cerebral cortex produces a disturbance in the visual and auditory perceptions and visuo-spatial deficit. Memories of seen articles or heard songs or even regularly visited places would not be remembered. The Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the Brain The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum forms the greatest part and is divided into lobes named by the overlying bone (April, 1990). The left and right cerebral hemispheres consist of the cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain composed of grey matter. It has 1015 individual neurons connected in specific patterns. The white matter holds the tracts which connect the neurons. The surface is folded into gyri separated by sulci or grooves. Each half of the cerebral hemispheres has the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, the limbic lobe and the central lobe. Motor and sensory cortex are found. Sensory cortex is again sub-divided into primary, secondary and association cortices. Primary is where the stimulus reaches first. Secondary is the area which is connected to the primary and helps in the processing. Association cortices have a 2 stimuli input. There are 3 identified associative cortices. They are the basis of thought and perception with practically no influence on behavior. They are the parieto-temporal-occipital cortex, pre-frontal area and the limbic association area. The first receives somatosensory, auditory and visual projections. These associative areas integrate the information from the sensory modalities for language. Injury affecting this area causes a faulty language. The prefrontal area if affected produces problems in several cognitive behaviours. Difficulty arises in control of motor planning. The ability to concentrate and attend, elaboration of thought, personality and emotional traits are determined here. The frontal lobe subserves cognition and memory. Broadman’s area in the left frontal lobe is involved with voluntary motor activities( April,1990). Damage to this area causes contralateral hemiplegia associated with a motor aphasia (involvement of the prefrontal cortex or Broca’s area). The parietal lobe processes sensory inputs and discrimination, body orientation and ability to write. Damage would produce an inability to recognize parts of the body, space and an inability to write. The occipital lobe is involved with primary visual function and visual interpretation. Damage would cause cortical blindness even when the eyes are perfectly normal. The temporal lobe which has the Wernicke’s area subserves the auditory function, expressed behaviour, receptive language and memory. Damage would result in hearing deficits, childish behaviour and receptive aphasia. Lateralisation is evident in the right and left handedness of people. However this is no indication of the dominance of any hemisphere. 95% of people have left hemisphere language function, 18. 8% have right hemisphere language function. 19. 8 % have bilateral language functions. Linear reasoning, speech and vocabulary are lateralised to the left hemisphere. Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the left temporo-parietal region. This leads to difficulty in doing mathematics. Some language functions like intonation and accentuation are with the right hemisphere. Musical and visual stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial perception and artistic ability are functions of the right too. Logical reasoning is with the left but intuitive reasoning is with the right. Cerebral asymmetry is the feature of the normal human brain. The left is the dominant hemisphere with language functions while the right is involved more with visuo-spatial functions. An acquired language deficit accompanying right-sided stroke (left hemisphere involvement) is the best indication that the left hemisphere is dominant for language. The right hemisphere stroke does not involve speech problems. The corpus callosum connects the 2 hemispheres and coordinates the functions of both. Any injury to this area causes ‘Split brain’ where the coordination between the 2 hemispheres is lost. A ‘split brain’ patient does not speak of emotions or feelings. The right hemisphere and the left behave independently. The patient appears to have 2 minds. It was revealed in studies by Robert Sperry, a psychobiologist, who conducted studies in patients in whom commissurectomy (severing the corpus callosum from each hemisphere ) was done as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. He found that the two halves of the brain had specific functions and each side acted independently, whereas in the normal brain, the two halves act in coordination. This is the theory of hemispheric independence (Zaire et al, 1990) After the operation, the right half showed predominance when it came to spatial tasks like arrangement of blocks. The limbic area is the area of the brain that affects the emotions, rage, fear and sex. Integration of recent memory and biological rhythms are decided here. If this area is affected, an angry but frightened personality without emotional control would be the result. Recent memory would be lost. Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behaviour is helpful behavior intended to help another. It is different from altruism in that it is not voluntary helping behaviour that is costly to the giver (Psychology:An International Perspective, 2004). Another definition states that this refers to the â€Å"voluntary actions intended to help another† ( Eisenberg and Mussen, 1989). Prosocial behaviour refers to the consequences of a doer’s actions rather than the motivations behind them. They include sharing, comforting, rescuing and helping, understanding the needs of the recipient (Knickerbocker, Learning to give). Traditional theories of helping include sociobiology, social learning , empathy and arousal. Physical aggression is a major health problem. Childhood aggression is a precursor to physical and mental health problems that occur in later life. Aggressive children are also liable to higher risk of substance abuse , alcoholism, accidents, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse abuse, neglectful and abusive parenting (Tremblay et al, 2004) It is unusual for the aggressive students to really harm their targets. However in studies of physical aggression in infancy, it was shown that by 17 months, a large majority of children are already aggressive towards their siblings, parents and peers (Tremblay et al, 2004). A study by Tremblay et al attempted to identify the trajectories of physical aggressions during early childhood and also o identify antecedents of high levels of physical aggression early in life. 572 families with a 5- month old baby were selected and followed up till 42 months. 3 trajectories were identified. The first group of 28% had children who displayed little or no aggression. 58% showed a rising trajectory of modest aggression. 14 % showed a high level of physical aggression (Tremblay et al, 2004). Best predictors before the birth of the child were, having other siblings, confidence interveal, mothers with early( before end of high school ) and high antisocial behaviour , young mothers, families with low income and mothers who smoked. The conclusion indicated was that physical aggression started in early infancy. All the predictors before birth were reasons for the child not learning how to preventive interventions. In order to change or reduce the long term impacts preventive intervention programmes must be chalked out effectively (Tremblay et al, 2004) In a model identifying 5 factors that prompt voluntarism (Clary and Snyder, 1990), they found that a combination of factors ultimately motivates volunteers. One factor is altruism but all the other four are self serving: motivation by socially adjustable conditions, ego defensive considerations, the desire to acquire knowledge or skills for personal or professional education and helping understanding the needs. Aggression is caused in 3 ways in a child: instinct, rewards and observation. Obviously these 3 factors rule the manner in which the aggression is to be overcome or prevented. Catharsis may be tried to vent the child’s anger in other ways. Rewarding non aggressive behaviour works. Cognitive training is also effective. Promoting prosocial behaviour should be tried. Rewarding good behaviour may not be so effective. A better way is to try modelling. The parent should ‘model’ good behaviour as the child always has a tendency to imitate its parents. The parent appeals to the childs pride and desire to be agrown-up (Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour, Psychology campus. com). Social development Like all humans , babies are also social creatures. It was found from studies that babies recognise themselves at the age of 15 months. Prior to that, they would treat their mirror image as another like them and would even coax them to come out to play. At about 15 months of age, the baby starts showing interest in others and developing a social awareness. It starts showing the emotions of shame, guilt, embarassment and pride. These babies glance at the facial expressions of others to decide how to react just like adults. In one study babies placed at the side of a high cliff kept watching their mothers’ faces. If they were encouraging, the babies would cross. When the mothers exhibited fear, the babies did not move. This is identified as social referencing. It. demonstrated the emotional bond or attachment of the babies with their mothers or caregivers. For most infants emotional bonding appears around 8 to 12 months of age. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913 -1999) spoke about 3 kinds of attachments. The securely attached infants would be upset by the mother’s absence. An insecure avoidant child is anxious about the mother’s absence but turns away when she returns. An insecure ambivalent child also has an emotional bond but has mixed feelings . It wants to be with the mother but is angry at her and does not want contact. Attachments do play a role in the life of the child and its future behaviour. The securely attached ones would be the most confident. Attachment failures could be damaging. The mother has a strong role in promoting attachment in an infant, hoping to improve its mental status and bringing up a resilient child. Attachments to fathers provides one more reason to have a closely knit family with well behaved children. When a seond child arrives, attachment security drops. Commercial child care centers if of good quality does provide additional security. Children tend to have better relationships with their mothers and lesser problems.

The City Of Timbuktu Environmental Sciences Essay

The City Of Timbuktu Environmental Sciences Essay The city of  Timbuktu  is located in the African nation of  Mali, near the Niger River. It is small trading town in central Mali and the Tombaugh Cato its official name. It was one of the richest commercial cities in Africa and a center of Islamic learning in the third and sixteenth centuries. It is population 20.483 inhabitants. This name comes from the language spoken by the Tuareg nomads who life in it. It was well known to Arabs and other traders when it served as a hub of culture and commerce during the 14th and 15th centuries Timbuktu  is also home to several famous mosques, including Sankore, Djingareyber, and Sidi Yahya, all of which are made from the distinctive mud which characterizes buildings in  Timbuktu. Due to  desertification  and related issues,  Timbuktu  is a very difficult city to live in it. [1] The objective of this research is to review the literature as it pertains to desertification, to define the current status of desertification, to document that designed to reverse the negative effects of desertification, and to analyze effect of desertification as well as their consequences. Review of Desertification [2] Desertification  is a type of  land degradation  in which a relatively  dry  land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. Desertification is known as Desert encroachment. Any drought on agricultural land or cultivable, and converted into barren land and is caused by long drought on the one hand, and human activity on the other. And desertification phenomenon is also known as: turning wide range of fertile areas and high production to poor areas of vegetable and animal for many reasons. Desertification has four types in term of dangerous the United Nations designated it. First, very severe desertification: a shift of land to a non-productive state completely. This can be reclaimed by expensive costs and only limited spaces and in many cases, the agricultural reform process becomes totally unproductive. There are many examples such as Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Somalia. Second, Desertification: when spreading of unwanted plants, and there is a decline of good vegetable production up to 50%, like land in the east and north-west of the delta in Egypt. Third, Moderate desertification: where good vegetable production declines. It causes salinization of the soil, which reduces production by 10-15%, and up to 25% such as Egypt. Fourth, slight desertification: when damage occurs or destruction very simple in vegetation and soil which can be negligible as in Saharan desert of the Arabian island. Desertification has a many reasons where causes or factors are divided into two categories: natural and human. Natural factors: climate, drought, quicksand, the high soil salinity and soil creep. Human factors: such as over grazing, poor irrigation methods, deforestation, creeping urbanization and pollution. We can overcome desertification in many ways, such as: sand dune stabilization, increase the area of agricultural land, the enactment of laws that prevent harvesting, water pollution prevention and the introduction of new crops more suited to the environmental conditions. Desertification in Timbuktu [3] Where it came from the sand on the vegetation that surrounded the city, the river and bridge branch with a length of about 7 km which connects the city by the main reaches of the River Niger that facilitates the transfer of goods to the city by river navigation. Although the exploitation of the financial governments reputation historic wide of the city in bringing Western tourists, ((the share of infrastructure projects is negligible)), which impact on tourism in the city itself, this as well as the resulting manifestations of poverty and misery, despite this bleak picture but Timbuktu seem always tall and a source of pride and pleasure if we look at the reality of cultural, as it is one of the few regions in the world that has maintained the kind of cultural Alkuzmosa, where managed city smelting several cultures in one pot, to make them their culture which rarely found elsewhere. The rolled on the Timbuktu region several crises of drought between the years 1970 1997, because of desertification which overgrazing was the most important causes of it. Where the regions population depends on livestock grazing in large numbers may increase the need for per household because it is the main source of livelihood. Also because of negligence or lack of awareness of the importance of other fileds such as agriculture and others. In addition to other influences such as global warming and the burning of fossil fuels which was and still have devastating effects on the environment of the region. Programs designed to reverse the negative effects of Desertification in Timbuktu These are a few of the relevant measures. Investment program and rural areas in northern Mali[4] The program aims to reduce rural poverty in the regions of Timbuktu and Gao restoring social networks and creating the conditions necessary to support economic activity. It operates the hydro-agricultural potential of the Niger River. The interventions under the program are concentrated in 14 municipalities along the Niger River and five common pastoral concern devices and small farmers, pastoralists, rural women, youth and marginalized social groups. The program aims to: Strengthen the capacity of local organizations and institutions to express their collective needs and to create and manage their investments. Develop the potential of agro-pastoral zone in a sustainable manner. Improve access to basic services through the development of community health centers. Contribute to the development of national policies to fight against rural poverty. Promote policy dialogue to promote the interests of local rural communities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification [5] [6]   In those countries experiencing serious drought and / or desertification, particularly in Africa, the Convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that include long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements. This Convention is the only agreement that has been drawn from the direct recommendation of the Conference Agenda 21, adopted in Paris on 17 June 1994 and entered into force in December 1996. The agreement is the first and only carry an international, legally binding and to put to address the problem of desertification. The Convention on the principles of partnership, participation and decentralization the backbone of good governance, sustainable development and the Convention has now 194 countries member making them bear recipe World to help in promoting the Convention announced in 2006 the International Year of Deserts and Desertification, but discussions broke on the effectiveness of the International Year on a practical level. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations[7] Desertification like illness Earth which seriously affects vegetation of land cultivated with crops, as well as pasture and forest areas.  Also have negative effects on the phenomenon of biodiversity and soil fertility and the hydrological cycle of water resources and crop yields, in addition to the production of livestock. t should be noted that the Food and Agriculture Organization supports and supports a number of countries in the world in the implementation of its country programs to combat desertification, and those countries are: Mali, Senegal, Turkey, Chile, Cuba, Yemen, Lebanon, and Cambodia. As the organization pays special attention to dry areas and through its Special Programme for Food Security. In Africa, seeking Food and Agriculture Organization to strengthen its cooperation with UNESCO and the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel region, in response to desertification in the Sahel and West Africa, has coordinated an initiative of the United Nations on the Horn of Africa, which includes the countries most affected by desertification. Effects of Desertification on the Mosques of Timbuktu [8] There are three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahia, recall Timbuktus golden age. Although these monuments are continuously restored, current desertification enhances desert encroachment and sand storms: the site is under threat. The satellite image shows the landscape surrounding Timbuktu, composed mainly of sand and desert. The temperature increased by 1.4 °C in that area and the impact of the drought was remarkable between 1901 and 1996. Research has shown that in the future region will face a decline in average rainfall, and an increase in the temperature and that will surely enhance the encroachment of the desert and sand blown damage in Timbuktu. Consequences of Desertification for Timbuktu Desertification has huge economic consequences the World Bank estimates that at the global level, the annual income foregone in the areas affected by desertification amounts to US$ 42 billion each year, while the annual cost of fighting land degradation would cost only US$ 2.4 billion a year. In all, more than 110 countries have dry lands that are potentially threatened by desertification. [9]Africa, Asia and Latin America are the most threatened by desertification. There are several things to do to reverse the negative consequences of desertification[10] Restore and fertilize the land: A simple and cheap way to fertilize the land is to prepare compost that will become humus and will regenerate the soil with organic matter. Reforestation: trees play several roles: they help fix the soil, act as wind breakers, enhance soil fertility, and help absorb water during heavy rainfall. Develop sustainable agricultural practices. Traditional lifestyles: as practiced in many arid zones offer examples of harmonious living with the environment. Combat the effects of the wind: By constructing barriers and stabilising sand dunes with local plant species. Developing education and training: It is important that every individual has access to information and understands the action proposals communicated by the media and literature. Reading and writing skills provide people the opportunity to become better informed and help them understand and organize projects that combat desertification. Education therefore enables them to share knowledge and better manage the available resources. Mandating environmental priority. Relieving pressure on forest. Investing more external aid in rural. Strengthening institutions.

A Rose for Emily Essays -- A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

Desperation for love arising from detachment can lead to extreme measures and destructive actions as exhibited by the tumultuous relationships of Miss Emily in William Faulkner's â€Å"A Rose for Emily† (rpt. in Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson, Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, 9th ed. [Boston: Wadsworth, 2006] 556). Miss Emily is confined from society for the majority of her life by her father, so after he has died, she longs for relations that ironically her longing destroys. The despondency and obsession exuded throughout the story portray the predicament at hand. Miss Emily's relationship with her father is a key factor in the development of her isolation. As she is growing up, he will not let anybody around his daughter, particularly young suitors. The town assumes his decision is due to the idea that â€Å"the Griersons [hold] themselves a little too high for what they really [are]† to the point that â€Å"none of the young men [are] quite good enough† (559). Because Emily's father keeps her from everyone, she becomes very attached to him. He dies when she is nearly thirty, her only companion gone. Her strong bond to him is so severe that after his death, she denies he was dead at all and will not give his body up to the authorities for three days. The town observes that because she has â€Å"nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her,† meaning Emily is so desperate for a companion that when her father is gone, she has nothing left to cling to but him (559). However, he has a lasting effect on h er that contributes to her isolation. He instills the Grierson pride, so Daugherty 2 that she often does not interact with others. His influence is â€Å"too virulent and too furious to die† (562). Emily has a ... ...ther is concerned, he denies her the chance for love and detaches her from society. Partial blame can be placed on the attitude he instills in her so that she possesses the â€Å"dignity of the last Grierson† (560). She holds herself above others in the town, save Homer. The town's fickleness and disconnection towards her push her further into isolation. All of these factors finally result in the relationship with Homer. She is so desperate for contact and for love that when she finds them, she is terrified of their leaving. She is pushed then to kill Daugherty 4 Homer, so that love will never leave her again. Miss Emily is a desperate individual formed by the relationships that isolated her, which resulted in her extreme actions. Emily and Homer's short—yet long lived—relationship reveals a common effect of love denied and confinement from contact: destruction.

Accounting. How to prepare income statements

There are different ways in how two income statements are prepared. For example: the income statement (also known as P&L) of a merchandising company consists of Revenue, Expenses (related to the sales volume through the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and General & Administrative Expense (G&SA), which all result in Net Income. The income statement of a Service company consists of Service Revenue minus any Expenses related to that service, which results in Net Income. Another way to look at it is that inventory never leaves the balance sheet until it is physically sold to a customer, which transfers it to Cost of Goods Sold.The basic differences between the financial statements of a merchandising business and a service business include reporting cost of merchandise sold on the income statement and the : A. owner's equity section of the balance sheet B. other income section of the income statement C. inclusion of merchandise inventory on the balance sheet as a current asset D. inclusion of a n owner's equity statement The primary difference in handling inventory, accounts payable and accounts receivable. In a merchandising company you will probably have inventory that needs to be valued.This can be done FIFO or LIFO (first in first out, or last in first out) basis. The asset that your inventory represents can be offset by your accounts payable if you purchased inventory on account. At the end of the year for tax purposes you have to account for the change in your inventory value. In addition in a mechanizing company you may have to handle local sales taxes and such. In a service company there is no inventory and normally no local taxes on services sold. Distinguish the activities of a service business from those of a merchandising business.The primary differences between a service business and a merchandising business relate to revenue activities. Merchandising businesses purchase merchandise for selling to customers. On a merchandising business's income statement, reve nue from selling merchandise is reported as sales. The cost of the merchandise sold is subtracted from sales to arrive at gross profit. The operating expenses are subtracted from gross profit to arrive at net income. Merchandise inventory, which is merchandise not sold, is reported as a current asset on the balance sheet.

How Can Resourcing and Development Add Value in the Modern Workplace Essay

According to Ann Marie E. McSwain, Assistant Professor at Lincoln University, â€Å"leadership is about capacity: the capacity of leaders to listen and observe, to use their expertise as a starting point to encourage dialogue between all levels of decision-making, to establish processes and transparency in decision-making, to articulate their own value and visions clearly but not impose them. Leadership is about setting and not just reacting to agendas, identifying problems, and initiating change that makes for substantial improvement rather than managing change. In the modern workplace, a good leader can lead the team to success and vice versa. The importance of a good leader in an organization cannot be doubted. However, one of the most challenging issues in the modern workplace is keeping talents. Talents or leaders may leave the organization for better offer or higher rate of pay. If no successor to drive it once the leader or key person leaves, the organization may get into troubles. In order to maintain the morale and loyalty for the other employees, another good, competent with respect of others should be appointed as leader. Other than leaders, junior grading employee should also be prepared to develop their career to some senior positions. This can explain why a career management (include succession plan for experienced staff) is so essential in an organization as a way of people sourcing. Career management is the combination of structured planning and the management choice for one’s own professional career. It is a process for employees to become aware of their interests, values, strengths and weaknesses, to get information about job opportunities within the organization, helps to identify the career goals, establish an action plan to achieve the career goals. Succession plan is a process to identify and develop internal potential employee to fill up the key or critical organizational positions. The main purpose of succession plan is to ensure the availability of competent, capable and experienced employee to prepare to be appointed to those positions when they become vacant. Succession planning meaning that prepare the experienced employees to undertake some key roles, focus on leadership continuity and sharing knowledge, provide a more effective and efficient monitoring and tracking of employees’ proficiency levels and the skill gaps and counter the increasing difficulty of recruiting talents externally. Succession plan is a very important and necessary part of an organization to reduce risk, create a proven leadership model, increase employees’ working morale and help the business to run smooth continuity and expand. Both people sourcing way are aids to develop talent and long-term growth, improve the capabilities and overall performance of workforce, create employee retention, meet the career development requirement of existing employee and improve support to employees throughout their employment. Career management is important in the eye of the organization and the employee. From the organization’s view, the failure to motivate their employees to plan for their career may result in shortage of employees to fill up the vacant, lower the employees’ commitment and inappropriate use of money which allocated for the training and development programs. From the employee’s view, lacking of career management may result in frustration, having a feeling that they are not value in the organization and unable to find some other suitable employment when the job nature changed, no matter due to mergers, acquisitions, restructuring or downsizing. The outcome for a successful career management includes employees’ personal fulfillment, goals achievement and a newly promotional theme in the modern workplace which is work-life balance. Different practices of people sourcing method can be used in different size of an organization. Entrepreneurship, partnership and limited company are some practices of forming an organization. Entrepreneurship means the one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. The most obvious formation of entrepreneurship is to start a new business. Entrepreneurship means that the business is run by an owner which call entrepreneur. Partnership is similar to entrepreneurship other than the organization is managed by at least two or above owners. Limited company means it is an organization which shareholders whose liability is limited by shares. Entrepreneurship is usually some small business and has fewer employees than limited organization which runs large business. If the business runs smooth and expand, entrepreneurship can turn into a limited organization. After choosing the right method of people sourcing within an organization, the organization can benefit from different kinds of advantages. With the right practice of people sourcing method in the right size of organization, the organization will be added value. Add value† can mean contributing directly to organization goals and deliver business objectives. Every organization has its goal and objective because these goals and objective can help the organization to define business and drive itself to success. Since the organization’s goal and objective are uses to lead itself to success, all the policies and procedures should follow its direction, including its employee sourcing way. Thomson, a pioneer in the old print economy, helped to create the electronic age with online system and CD-ROM products. One of the goals of his company, Thomson Corporation, is to become the dominant global e-information and solutions business. In order to make the growth strategy become successful, Thomson has to keep some key employees and motivate some junior employees because he believes that the essence to have employee retention includes creating a satisfying an challenging work environment, maintaining the right fit between the employees and their jobs and making sure that his employees have the right tools to perform their jobs successfully. Another goal of his company is to facilitate employees’ career development. In order to achieve this goal, Thomson had to educate his employees that career opportunities are available within the company and he had made it easier for employees to move within the company. By executing the career development within the company, Thomson had developed an online career center for his employees. The website includes seven hundred to nine hundred jobs listing every month. His employee can go to this website and choose specify preferred locations and full time or part time job. Meanwhile, a personal search agent would notify the employee whenever a new opening related jobs or career interests are posted automatically. The website had been developed to include self assessments so that the employees can decide whether they if they have the required skills. If the employees found that he needs some education or training to quality for a position, the website will link them to some courses. The design of the website is a kind of career management for the employees which can retain and motivate employees. After that, their supervisor will conduct performance appraisal annually to review their performance. As the career management systems start from self assessment, reality check, goal setting and finally the action planning, every employee in Thomson Corporation develop their career through the above steps. Self assessment refers to the use of information by the employees to found out their career interests, values, aptitudes and behavioral tendencies and it usually involves some psychological tests. In Thomson Corporation, employees can identify their occupational and job interests, e. . work in different types of environments and identify the relative value they place on work and the leisure activities through the career centre. Through the self assessment, employees may start to consider where they are in their careers, identify the future plans and assess them to fit in the current job with available resources. Reality check means the information that the employees receive about how their organization evaluates their knowledge and skills which help them to fit into organization’s plan. The said information is given by their supervisor as part of the performance appraisal process which included the performance review and employee’s career interests, strengths and possible development plans. Goal setting mean the process of employees developing short term and long term career objective. The goals usually relate to desired positions, level of skill application, work setting or skill acquisition. Employees in Thomson Corporation may have chance to achieve skill acquisition through specify training. Besides, development plan may be written out after the performance appraisal. The development plans include the descriptions of strengths and weakness, career goals and development plans for reaching the career goals. Action planning means how the employees determine their way to achieve short term or long term goals. An action plan usually involves in enrolling to some training courses, conducting information interviews or applying for a vacant within the organization. The information in the website is useful for ensuring the employees’ abilities, skills and nterests matches their jobs. If there is a mismatch, the website will provide some related training information and courses details for them to develop their skills. Other than the employee can benefit from such activities, the organization will benefit from the systems too. Firstly, it can reach a large number of potential job seekers after they post a vacant. Secondly, the website had provided detailed accessible information about the jobs which can facilitates employees’ development. Employees will then aware of what knowledge and skills are needed for the job. Thirdly, the system encourages employees responsible for an active role in the career management. This is congruent with a psychological contract and protean career. Career management is uses for junior grading employees and succession planning is designed for experienced or senior employees. Career management is usually applied to some small entrepreneurship and succession planning is applying to some large size limited companies. As large companies usually divided into few sections and each section will be managed by a line manager, an effective succession plan should be used. Motorola, Inc is an electronic and wireless communications company. In 1991, Motorola restructure itself and set out some new objectives and goals. Meanwhile, Motorola had promoted a succession plan named Organization and Management Development Review (OMDR). The objective would be diversity and sought to accelerate the advancement of women and minorities within the organization. The company goal which is within ten years the number of women and minorities at all levels of management should be representative of the number of women and minorities in the available talent pool. They also made a commitment that every year that at least three women and minorities would be appointed as vice-president among the twenty to forty people. In OMDR, the process of identifying the high potentials would be requires each section to submit a list of candidates in four categories: white men, women, minorities and technical staff. The succession plans are prepared for each high potential and their progress within the organization is being tracked. If the high potential leave or fall out of the list in the future, their supervisor must explain why this would happen. In order to counter the erception that most of the women and minorities are still in the feeder pool, a replacement chart had identifies some key positions and three people who could fill each one was developed. The first priority would be an immediate successor. The second priority would be a person who should success the incumbent if the organization had three to five years to prepare. The third priority would be the most qualified woman or minority candidate at that time, in addition to any women or minorities had already on the first two priorities. Women and minorities must be included even needs to hire externally. Besides the replacement chart, there are some other key elements of the program such as career planning. All individuals would receive a guidance to set out the career goals and develop some strategies to achieve them. The guidance of the program is give by managers through some informal mentoring and through the organization’s women’s leadership conference. In this case, Motorola had show the linkage between the succession planning initiative and the organization’s business goals which emphasis was placed on the business success that can flow from having a socially diverse workforce. Since Motorola sees diversity as a business initiative and not only human resources department but all line managers are responsible for the program’s implementation. Senior managers are required to keep tracking of the representation of women and minorities in their units. The succession planning is then effective because of the cooperation of all employees. Effective career management and succession plan can drive small size company or large size company to success through adding value to it. It can help the employers and employees to fulfill the company objectives and goals. In order to make the plan effective in the company, the below ten points should be noted. First, the organization must define the targets and goals clearly. It should set a time frame and numbers creates impetus for action. Without a clear direction, employee may not know what or how they should do to go for success. When the employee knows the company objective and goal and the time frame, they can set out their own career development plan. Second, the organization should define the details and meaning of the succession plan to include the widest talent pool. Succession plan is not yet common in modern workplace. High potential will be attracted to work in those companies with succession plan in order to get higher achievement. Third, the organization should inform the employee about the succession plan and to let them know that they should be ready all the times. It is because when they are on the radar, they will ask more questions about their development and it is harder for them to be lost within the organization. Fourth, the organization should implement the career management careful and have strategic planning for targeted individuals’ career development. Since being identified is not enough, the organization should consider the potential benefits of encourage informal mentoring. Fifth, the organization should ensure there is strong leadership and commitment from senior management. This is because initial and ongoing personal involvement of the director is an important criterion to lead the plan to success. Sixth, the career management and succession plan must be integrate into the business objective and positioned as a response to the business need. A clear linkage between the business goal and the desired results of the career management will help to gain commitment from the organization and employee. Career management must be success when it portrayed as a core issue. Seventh, the organization should make all the line managers accountable for the success of the initiative. Since the career management is a business initiative, all employees should be responsible and accountable for its delivery, especially the line managers. Eighth, the organization should encourage the employees to take an active role in the career management. The organization should let the employee know that the career management is a tool to help them to get higher achievement which is benefiting them. Ninth, the evaluation should be an on-going one which uses to get improvement. Tenth, career management should be linked to other human resources practices such as performance management, training and recruiting systems. The organization may evaluate the career management through several outcomes. First, the reactions of the managers and the employees who use the career management can be determined through some surveys. Second, some more information with objective related to the results of the career management system can be tracked such as the time needs to fill up a vacant, the percentage of usage of the system. Talent management is a new direction in the modern workplace. Career management and succession plan can help both the small size organization and large size organization to add value through contributing directly to organization objective and goal. In order to success, all organization should focus on the career development of employee more than business since employees are the most valuable assets within an organization

Ingredient Branding Related Literature Essay Example

Ingredient Branding Related Literature Essay Example Ingredient Branding Related Literature Essay Ingredient Branding Related Literature Essay On the other hand, Bucharest defined Co-Branding as a long term type of co operation between two or more brands with equal or non-equal brand image n which identify of the associated brands is communicated through the inclusion of the brand name on the product or product packaging. Co- branding is an increasingly popular technique used primarily in domestic markets to transfer the positive associations of the partner brands to a newly formed co-brand (Lettuces Creche, 2011). Ingredient branding will be analyzed and compared to existing theories on co-branding and brand extensions. This will be helpful on students to fully understand ingredient branding. Furthermore, based on these existing theories, it will be possible to identify issues for further research. Brand communication is identified as the right mix of media vehicles that will maximize the brands potential to meet the goals like developing awareness, positioning and reminding the brand, its attributes, unique selling propositions and its benefit to the consumers set forth by the brand manager (Davis, 2002; Guppy et al. , 2008). Brand communication creates brand image (ROI et al. 2001) and gives the brand a personality by using a constellation of brand associations (Jodie and Torn, 2006). The better the brand communication the more the awareness receiver value and the intent of purchase (Guppy et 2008), which may lead to purchase and satisfaction thus leading to brand loyalty (Wainscoting and Sustainability, 2008) and brand equity. Brand equity is defined as the added value that a brand brings to a pr oduct (Changer and Dana, 1996). Pita and Satanic described Brand Equity as the value a brand name adds to a product. That value can be a halo extending beyond the current product category to other product classes. From this brand equity we can conceptualize the ingredient branding strategy and demonstrate how it ill affect students towards brand consumption. Then there is brand loyalty, trust, image and awareness that contributes a big part on the development of perspective of students on ingredient branding and consumption of goods. Brand loyalty refers not only to ones tendency to repurchase the same brand time after time, but also to have a psychological commitment or attitudinal bias toward the brand. Thus, the brand loyal customer not only buys the brand , but refuses to switch even when a better Offer comes along (Schoenberg, Gordon Errand, 2004). Brand loyalty makes a critically label contribution to competitive advantage (Signoras Steakhouses, 2004). Brand Trust on the other hand is termed as the degree to which an individual is confident, and eager to act on the basis of the words, actions and results of others (McAllister, 1995). Brand trust is basically the emotional commitment of the customers with brand. Marketers are now days very much interested in trust because mostly it is observed that higher trust ratings are positively related to loyalty (Areas, 2005). According to Asker, brand awareness is the ability of possible consumers to remember that a facial brand belongs to a special product. Consumers exposed to advertising, word of mouth, and other promotions, who are able to recall the brand only with some kind of cue achieve a low level of brand awareness, recognition. A consumer would have to encounter the brand and recognize it as a potential purchase choice. (Pita Satanic 2004). Brand Image can be defined as the perception about a brand as reflected by the cluster of associations that consumers connect to the brand name in memory (ROI et al. , 2001 Brand image consists of two components; the benefits customer rive from the brand and its attributes which constitute the brand association and the brand personality (Bayle, 2003).

Gender Roles Throughout History Essays

Gender Roles Throughout History Essays Gender Roles Throughout History Essay Gender Roles Throughout History Essay Part one Gender roles of diverse cultures have differed immensely throughout history. The evolution of gender roles first began in the Paleolithic Age and then began to transform with the transformation of the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age. Women in Mesopotamia, India, Greece, China, and Rome were not treated as equals and viewed as inferior to men. Cultures like Egypt and Persia had similar laws for women and treated them with more respect out of any of the other cultures. The Paleolithic Age was responsible for the introductions of many vital aspects of our world today such as, technology, agriculture, and gender roles. The Paleolithic culture was based on a hunter and gatherer society, which had a great influence on the gender roles of males and females. For the most part, the men were responsible for the hunting, mainly due to their physical build. Genetically speaking, men are normally larger in size, stronger, and more aggressive in comparison to women. Despite the large size and strength differences, both males and females were treated with equality. Women contributed to the Paleolithic society by being responsible for the gathering of edible plants and berries. Although gathering plants and berries is considered to be less dangerous and fairly easy when being compared to hunting, gathering was considered to be one of the most important contributions to Paleolithic society. When men went off to hunt, there was no guarantee that they would always be able to bring back enough meat, if any, to feed the community. The plants and berries gathered by the women were responsible for feeding the community daily, especially when the men were unsuccessful in their hunting trip. : Without the roles of both the women and men, the community would not have been able to survive. The Neolithic Age was the transformation and progression from the Paleolithic Age lifestyle. The transition of the different era’s influenced the gender roles of men and women, changing them based on the development of their new lifestyle. The main gender role difference between the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age was male domination. Although men became much more dominant of the two genders, women were still treated with respect. Because of the size and strength advantage men had over women, men were responsible for most of the hard manual labor, while women were given roles more suited for their weaker and nurturing nature. Men started to realize that instead of hunting and killing animals, they should capture, domesticate, and breed the animals because it would be more beneficial to the community in the long run and provide a more stable lifestyle. The women also realized the importance of stability and collected seeds for an assortment of plants and fruits so they could invest their time in farming plants instead of gathering them. Because of the gathering role and responsibility women played in the past in the Paleolithic Age, women were very familiar with plants. Women understood how plants grew and the factors and environment needed in order to be successful in growing them, which is why women were responsible for the start of plant farming. Since communities did not have to relocate so often based on animal migration, and men and women did not have to spend several tiring hours searching for animals to hunt or food to gather, people had more time on their hands. This extra time allowed women to concentrate more on looking after their families and children, cooking, cleaning, and sewing. This led to men virtually being responsible for all the difficult labor. Unlike in the Paleolithic Age where men and women were equal and relied on each other for survival, men no longer needed to depend on women as much. Most of the responsibility for survival was placed on the men which is what ultimately led to their dominance. The religions and laws developed in Mesopotamia prevented women from asserting control in society. Elite classes such as priests and warriors manipulated religious beliefs to say male Gods were more valuable and dominant in comparison to female Gods. This led to justifying male domination over females in the Mesopotamian society. Men were in control and held the power, allowing them to abuse their wives, sell them into slavery to pay off debts, and partake in consensual sexual relations even if married, while women were drowned to death as punishment for committing adultery. In Mesopotamia, women were mostly responsible for tending to the children and household. Women did not have the power to make life decisions for themselves and instead, relied on the men in their family to make those decisions for them. In Egypt, although men were the dominant gender in society, women were treated with great respect, which led to a very stable and successful society. The Egyptians believed that the goal of life was happiness and viewed home and family life as the main source of it. Egyptian law basically treated women as equals for the most part. Women were allowed to hold positions of power, own property, own slaves, receive an education, and even borrow money. Although Pharaohs were normally men, certain circumstances allowed for women to hold the same title. The Egyptians believed that marriage and family were very important aspects in life. They believed that unconditional love and kindness were vital in a marriage and thought that husband and wife should always treat each other with respect. In regards to family, unlike many cultures that viewed children as another mouth to feed or another worker, Egyptians truly enjoyed their children and experienced much joy in their families. In India, public figures and important positions were given to men. Although women did not have any public authority or receive any formal education, they were still considered to be important to society by having much influence when it came to family life and were supposed to be treated with respect from their family and husband. Sometimes it was difficult for women to take of the household due to their young age. Beginning as a child, women were taught that they were supposed to devote their lives to men. Very young child brides were quite common in India but ceremonies would not take place until the child had gone through puberty. Also, according to the Laws of Manu, women were allowed to inherit property. Women could â€Å"influence affairs within their families but enjoyed no public authority† (Meridians, page 98). The Laws of Manu state, â€Å"deities delight in places where women are revered, but where women are not revered all rites are fruitless,† (Meridians, pg 78). The Code of Hammurabi does not give a lot of freedom to women. Also, the Code is very strict when it comes to marriage. The Code allowes fathers and brothers to arrange marriages and punishes cheating wives by sentencing them to death. Different from the Code of Hammurabi, the Laws of Manu stresses the importance of husbands revering their wives and keeping them happy (Meridians, P. 78). China was a patriarchal society where men were considered to be the leader of the household. Although women were not normally seen as public figures, women were considered to be very valuable in the home and family. In the beginning, women were actually considered to be extremely important because the female side passed power and the line of succession. However, there was one woman, Fu Hao, who stood out from all the rest during Shang times. Hao was in charge of her own estate and oversaw the sacrificial ceremonies that most men oversaw (Bentley Ziegler, pg 124). In Perisa, family and clans were considered to be very important. The Persian culture was considered much more laid back in comparison to many others because classes were free and people were given the freedom to practice any religion, pursue any profession, and even borrow money to start their own business. Unlike most cultures, women were able to enjoy social and legal freedoms and were a very active part of society. Women were treated with equality and respect. Females were permitted to take part in religious ceremonies and occasionally even serve as the priest. Their were no restrictions on relationships or marriage- young people in relationships were told to practice honesty and loyalty, and to always be faithful and share each others happiness (Notes on Iran, P. 1) . When selecting a husband, women were instructed to be wise but free to choose who to marry on their own (Notes on Iran, P. 1). Many women took on jobs of weaving textiles and were given portions of grain, wine, beer, and occasionally meat from the imperial and temple workshops who employed them (Traditions Encounters, P. 170). If the King passed away and the price was too young to rule, the kings wife was allowed to take the throne. Pourandokht was the first Persian Queen and was thought of throughout history as kind hearted and wise (Notes on Iran, P. 1). Persians tended to have a close knit family and parents were encouraged to teach their children right and wrong and the importance of equality. In Athens, Greece, women were seen as inferior to men, not very intelligent, and thought of to have strong emotions. Women had guardians who were their closet male relative or husband. The guardian system was set up because Athenian philosophers, other than Plato, thought that women needed to be protected from themselves and society so they could not cause any damage to themselves or others (Women in the Ancient World, P. 2). Women were not allowed to own any property other than clothing, jewelry, and slaves, and we only allowed to purchase inexpensive items. In order for a woman to gain citizenship, she had to marry a male citizen. Fathers were responsible for arranging marriages between their young daughters and older men who were normally in their twenties. Like Indian culture, the girls married after they went through puberty. The job of a wife was to have children and take care of their house. Wives were never supposed to leave their homes unless to attend special events or funerals. If a married woman was seen outside of her home without it being any of the above occasions, people considered her to be a prostitute, slave, or so poor that she had no choice but to work (Women in the Ancient World, P. 2). Women from Sparta were different from much of Greece because they were able to own and inherit land. Spartan women were known to be bold and run the household, but were not supposed to be seen as too dominant over their husbands in public. The main purpose of marriage for people of Greece was not for love, but for the purpose of breeding (Women in the Ancient World, P. ). In Rome, women were constantly under the authority of men. Roman law insisted that women had to obey their fathers until they married, then in which case, had to obey their husbands. Even if a woman was widowed, she was still supposed to have some kind of male supervision of her finances (Women in the Ancient World, Rome). Roman men greatly valued marriage and treated their wives with great respe ct. Although women were never allowed to hold office, several men listened to the advice of their wives when not in public. Women did not enjoy working and only did so if they were lower class and had to (Women in the Ancient World-Rome). The Paleolithic and Neolithic differed in gender roles due to the change in their lifestyles. In the Paleolithic Age, women and men were considered equals because they had to rely on each other equally in order to survive. The transition to the Neolithic Age caused men to dominant women since most of the responsibility for survival was placed on the shoulders of the men. Men no longer needed to rely on females as much as they had to in the Paleolithic Age. Mesopotamian culture treated women with very little respect. Men were allowed to abuse their wives, sell them into slavery, and even commit adultery. If a Mesopotamian woman ever committed adultery, she would be sentenced to death. The Egyptian culture and Persian culture are most comparable to one another in the sense that they embraced family, love and marriage and treated women with immense respect and equality. In India, ever since women were children, they were always taught that they were supposed to devote their lives to their husbands. Indian women had arranged marriages and married after they went through puberty, much like the Athens in Greece. In China, although women were normally not seen as public figures, they were considered to be very important in home and family life. Women of Athens, Greece, led very strict lives and were considered to be very weak minded and unintelligent. Like the Indian culture, they had arranged marriages and married mainly to breed offspring. Spartan women different from Athenian women in the sense they Spartan women were very as very bold and not weak minded at all. In Rome, women were under the constant authority of men. However, despite this, Roman men took the advice of their wives when given in private, and were dominant when in the public eye. Barry. Role of Women in Ancient Persia. Notes on Iran. Web. 21 Oct. 2009. Bentley J. H. Ziegler H. F. (2008). Traditions Encounters: A global perspective on the past . New York:McGraw-Hill[pic] Meridians: Sources in World History. (2009). Pearson Custom Publishing[pic] Thompson, James C. Women in the Ancient World. Women in the Ancient World. Nov. 2005. Web. 22 Oct. 2009.

The Citizenship Rights Of Asylum Seekers In Britain Essay

The Citizenship Rights Of Asylum Seekers In Britain - Essay Example â€Å"This suggests that there is a connection between someone’s nationality and the question of whether they pose a threat to our security. This has fed community unrest, marginalization and even violence against minority groups† (Asylum, n. d.). It is not easy for some nationalities to get citizenship in Britain even if they are refugees. â€Å"The system of immigration control in the UK splits people into two broad categories: those who have 'right of abode' in the UK and who can live, work and move in and out of the country as they wish, and those who require permission in order to enter and remain here† (Immigration - In England, 2010). 9/11 has changed a lot of laws with respect to the citizenship of refugees in Britain. Earlier, not much segregation was experienced by the refugees. Now it is difficult for people especially from the Muslim countries to get citizenship in Britain. It is a fact that current changes in laws with respect to citizenship in Brita in for asylum seekers are adversely affecting the refugees. At the same time, if a person have been given refugee status or humanitarian protection in the UK, and his initial permission to stay there will expire before the new system of 'earned citizenship' comes into force (scheduled for July 2011),he can still apply for settlement and British citizenship under the current rules (Asylum: Refugees' route to settlement, n. d). In other words, the tightening of the rules is intended for the refugees who may seek asylum in Britain in future.

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STRATEGY Coursework Assignment

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL STRATEGY Coursework - Assignment Example Financial crisis begun in the USA, spread to Europe and the rest of the world. In the year 2007 to 2009, a deadly financial crisis hit the world (Jones, n.d.). Recession hit several countries such as UK, Spain, USA and Ireland, where the first experiences included raising expenses emanating from the housing. Economists, journalists, and other bodies like countries' governments interpreted the recession widely (Munyo, n.d). According to Fosberg (n.d.), the financial crisis originated from subprime mortgage loans, and debts. These types of finances backed other financial elements deterioration. It extended their problems to other sectors. For example, Bear Stearns announced the initial indicator of financial crisis; two of their subprime hedge funds have translated into worthless assets in a short time (Leeuwen, 2011). Moreover, there was collapsing of the financial market in the USA when the auctioning rates collapsed in 2008. Buyers who failed to bid for securities in the market char acterized it. According to Fosberg (n.d.), recession is a significant decline of economic action occurs in a period ranging from months to years. From the European Commission, there is no specific definition of the term economic activities (Smith, and mendoza, 2011). Instead, the European Commission is comparing the economy movers’ factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Production and Income of the country as per its GDP. This explains the identification of an economy headed to recession (Grenville, 1999). Merrouche and Nier defines recession as a phase of business cycle whereby the overall output in the economic actions like income and employment declines for a period extended for more than 6 months (Munyo, n.d). The financial crisis constricts the business activity and the GDP reduces leading to lowering of the employment chances. Moreover, recessions occur when there is a decline in the state of Gross Net Product for more than half a year. Their definition and m entioning of the measures of the economic crisis is wider than just GDP (Zarebski, and Dimovski, 2012). The occurrence of the financial crisis had several negative impacts on the financial market. For instance, there was a reduction of securities issued by the firm such as the lending organizations (Powell, Nilipornkul, and Allen, 2013). Moreover, the world experienced various effects of the financial structure such as disrupted financial markets, the debt and the equity capital for company expenditure reduced, and severe recession in many countries. In addition, economic recession marked a significant change in the way people spend their income in terms of the pattern and habits followed when spending. The main problem required comprehending and anticipation of the expected new environment with an understanding of consumers’ attitudes and needs (Zarebski, Paul and Dimovski, Bill 2012 percentage). Moreover, the same year was characterized by rising of credits as many of the i nvestment firms that used short term loans to fund their projects were having difficulties tapping the resource for their firm`s growth (Schwellnus, Goujard, and Ahrend, 2012). Before recession, early 2007, the USA was experiencing a growth GDP rate of 3 percent and the rate of unemployment was significantly lower than the current trends. However, indicators outlined that the housing cost fell sharply, at a rate of 9 percent. The credit card companies were reducing by refusing new applications

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Response - Assignment Example The CEO’s meeting with Jose in Las Vegas is, indeed an educative experience. Jose displays a positive behavior one that workers should emulate when inducting new employees in the firm. Firm but fair; Jose introduces Kim to various roles, some of which do not befit a manager according to Kim. Interestingly, Jose would not hire Kim, and Kim learns that he is growing older by the day after finding some of the simplest tasks somewhat challenging. The outcome of this interaction teaches leaders that they should respect the work done by junior employees. They should set goals while considering workers’ varied abilities. At times, a manager must realize that the tasks they allocate need special expertise and should recognize the input of the workers. Kim is utterly defeated to undertake the cashier job and has to compensate the customers for the time wasted, and he learns a lot. Just like Kim, contemporary managers should notice the significant input of their workers. The fact that Carrie the director of operations does deliveries accentuates the enormous input of the personnel. After all the challenges he faced, and learning about the staunch sacrifices some of the staff has to make to deliver excellent performance to the company, Kim’s life is completely changed. Encouraged by the events, he resorts to rewarding good work by giving the four employees congratulatory incentives. Therefore, once in a while, company bosses ought to casually interact with the staff. This way, they not only have to appreciate the increasing financial figures, but also learn to recognize the individuals behind those

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Managerial Economics - Essay Example There are several factors that contribute to the pricing of houses in a free market. The Basic Principle of demand and supply This basic principle of demand and supply would chiefly govern the housing market, i.e. when the demand for housing increases the prices will tend to go up in order to reach equilibrium at the present level of supply. This is a typical example of demand and supply. The equilibrium is determined when the price at which the buyer would like to make purchase coincides with the price at which the seller would like to make the trade. Now the value of the housing properties is determined by both the supply side and the demand side factors which include the price at which the seller would like to go for the transaction with a prospective buyer and the actual price which the buyer would like to pay (Ngai and Tenreyro, 2009, p.7). Now when the demand for residence in a particular locality is high then the dearth of supply would cause the market power to shift from the buyers to the sellers and hence prices would be determined by the seller. Thus, when there is excess demand in the housing market the sellers may hoard the residential unit in order to create a price differential and make more profits. On the other hand when the demand for housing is low the sellers might compromise on the prices and it would be a buyer’s market where the buyer would have a lot of control over the settlement of the prices. The demand for housing at a particular area may increase due to demographic reasons as well. Suppose a new industry is set up in a place where previously there was no human establishment, then labour migration will take place in that particular area and those people would need residential investments. Again as the number of divorces is increasing people these days need more residential units separately and hence the demand for housing increases. In the above figure we see that the initial demand for housing in a particular area id D1 and th e initial supply is S1. The vertical axis would represent the prices of the housing units and the horizontal axis would represent the quantity of houses traded in the market of that particular area. The initial equilibrium price and quantity is at P1 and Q1 respectively. Now due to population inflow, the demand for housing units increases to D2. The supply remaining constant at S1, the new equilibrium would be at the point P2Q2. A point to be noted in this context is that due to an increase in demand the quantity supplied is increasing but at the lesser rate than that of the prices, i.e., P1P2 would be greater than Q1Q2. It should be noted that the supply here is relatively inelastic. The reason behind this is that there is a lag in time in between the price change and the augmentation of supply in housing in that area. When the supply of housing becomes more elastic as in the above figure, the supply curve would move in the rightward direction indicated by the arrow. The new supply curve will be S2. Now if we assume that the demand is unchanged then the prices would tend to go down to P3 which is a price that is higher than P1 but lower than P2. On the other, the equilibrium quantity would further move upwards to Q3 which is higher than both Q1 and Q2.  

Composer- John Cage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Composer- John Cage - Research Paper Example He dropped out from college in his second year and sailed to Europe where he wrote his first pieces of music, but not liking them, he left them behind on his return to America, after being in Europe for 18 months. Cage was tutored by Schoenberg for free on the condition he â€Å"devoted his life to music†, which Cage readily agreed, but after two years he stopped his lessons because of the fact that he had no feeling for harmony. After that, he began to experiment with percussion instruments and gradually made the rhythm the basis of his music instead of harmony, structuring pieces according to the duration of sections. He went to the Cornish School of Arts in Seattle, Washington in the late 1930’s where he found a job as an accompanist for dancers and was asked to write music to accompany a dance by Syvilla Fort called Bacchanale. He wanted to write a percussion piece but had to write for a piano because there was no pit at the performance venue for a percussion ensemb le.While working on the piece, Cage experimented by placing a metal plate on top of the strings of the instrument. He liked the produced sound and eventually he invented the prepared piano with screws, bolts, strips of rubber and other objects placed between the strings of the piano to change the instrument’s character. It may be that Cage was influenced by his old teacher Henry Cowell who also treated the piano in a non-standard way. For example, asking the performers to strum the strings with their fingers. Widely seen to be his greatest work for prepared piano are The Sonatas and Interludes of 1946-48. Pierre Boulez organized the European premiere of the work and the two composers struck up a correspondence. Unfortunately, this correspondence stopped with a disagreement over Cage’s use of chance in his music. While being at Cornish, Cage also founded a percussion orchestra for which he wrote his First Construction (In Metal) in 1939, a piece in which loud rhythmic m usic is created by metal percussion instruments, and the Imaginary Landscape No. 1, which is the first example of using record players as instruments. In later years, Cage wrote a number of other Imaginary Landscape pieces. In order to introduce an element of chance over which he would have no control, Cage began to use the I Ching in the composition of his music. In the Music of Changes for solo piano in 1951, he used it to determine which notes should be used and when they should be heard. He used chance in Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (1951) as well. This peace was written for twelve radio receivers. Each radio has two players- one that controls the frequency and the other that controls the volume. â€Å"Cage wrote very precise instructions in the score about how the performers should set their radios and change them over time, but he could not control the actual sound coming out of them, which was dependent on whatever radio shows were playing at that particular place and time of performance.†( http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Aleatoric_music) Cage’s friend and colleague from Black Mountain college had produced a series of white paintings while working at the college. These paintings, apparently blank canvases, changed according to varying light conditions in the rooms in which they were hung, the shadows of people in

Hype or reality Health and wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hype or reality Health and wellness - Essay Example ). The fact that competition has increased, is not only because of the desires of businesses to grow larger and better but also because of the ever growing unique needs and wants of consumers. These unique needs are a result of high level of awareness amongst consumers, which in turn is because of immense media proliferation, through internet, social networking sites, television, radio, print media, telephones etc (Top Ten Trends for Healthcare & Wellness in 2012 | HealthFlock). An aware consumer comprehends his needs better, identifies what is his requirement, and marketers or on large businesses, face the challenge to get into that consumer’s mind identify his needs and come up with such a combination of products and services as to satisfy that particular segment of large target market and sustain their aggressive approach towards understanding consumer needs (Top Ten Trends for Healthcare & Wellness in 2012 | HealthFlock). ... ellness is different in a way that it almost created a new canvas for itself to inflate in the industry that was a part of cosmetic beauty and medicine industry yet very different because of the amalgamation of ideas being brought together to generate the need in the minds of consumers (Market Trends Project More Growth for Wellness Industry | Company News | Wellsource). This was not an easy task to generate a need for a product or service which has many indirect competitors coming from several other fields of life and business, besides that the product offered was not a commodity but a luxury availed by the elites of societies, who had reserves of unlimited disposable income available to them all the time. A swift transition can strengthen the base of industry. Transition of health and wellness services to be perceived as an essential commodity for personal care, from the establishment time concept of it being a luxury item made for the entertainment of elitist classes of societies. Before moving on a few fact and figures related to industry, one must not forget to mention about the logic of ‘The Wellness Guru’, Paul Zane Pilzer, in his book ‘The Next Trillion’ claims that ‘more than half of the US population is unhealthy and overweight’ because of the health and wellness industry and the exponential growth in food industry (The Wellness Revolution). According to Paul Zane Pilzers’ ‘The Wellness Revolution’ $1.5 trillion of the US economy today is emerging from the wellness sector of the nation (The Wellness Revolution), while the Guru also extrapolates these figures to generate an estimated amount of $1 trillion additional to be invested in the sector by the end of year 2010, with the motive of ensuring a healthier, prettier and long lasting fresh

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Managerial Economics - Essay Example There are several factors that contribute to the pricing of houses in a free market. The Basic Principle of demand and supply This basic principle of demand and supply would chiefly govern the housing market, i.e. when the demand for housing increases the prices will tend to go up in order to reach equilibrium at the present level of supply. This is a typical example of demand and supply. The equilibrium is determined when the price at which the buyer would like to make purchase coincides with the price at which the seller would like to make the trade. Now the value of the housing properties is determined by both the supply side and the demand side factors which include the price at which the seller would like to go for the transaction with a prospective buyer and the actual price which the buyer would like to pay (Ngai and Tenreyro, 2009, p.7). Now when the demand for residence in a particular locality is high then the dearth of supply would cause the market power to shift from the buyers to the sellers and hence prices would be determined by the seller. Thus, when there is excess demand in the housing market the sellers may hoard the residential unit in order to create a price differential and make more profits. On the other hand when the demand for housing is low the sellers might compromise on the prices and it would be a buyer’s market where the buyer would have a lot of control over the settlement of the prices. The demand for housing at a particular area may increase due to demographic reasons as well. Suppose a new industry is set up in a place where previously there was no human establishment, then labour migration will take place in that particular area and those people would need residential investments. Again as the number of divorces is increasing people these days need more residential units separately and hence the demand for housing increases. In the above figure we see that the initial demand for housing in a particular area id D1 and th e initial supply is S1. The vertical axis would represent the prices of the housing units and the horizontal axis would represent the quantity of houses traded in the market of that particular area. The initial equilibrium price and quantity is at P1 and Q1 respectively. Now due to population inflow, the demand for housing units increases to D2. The supply remaining constant at S1, the new equilibrium would be at the point P2Q2. A point to be noted in this context is that due to an increase in demand the quantity supplied is increasing but at the lesser rate than that of the prices, i.e., P1P2 would be greater than Q1Q2. It should be noted that the supply here is relatively inelastic. The reason behind this is that there is a lag in time in between the price change and the augmentation of supply in housing in that area. When the supply of housing becomes more elastic as in the above figure, the supply curve would move in the rightward direction indicated by the arrow. The new supply curve will be S2. Now if we assume that the demand is unchanged then the prices would tend to go down to P3 which is a price that is higher than P1 but lower than P2. On the other, the equilibrium quantity would further move upwards to Q3 which is higher than both Q1 and Q2.  

Hype or reality Health and wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hype or reality Health and wellness - Essay Example ). The fact that competition has increased, is not only because of the desires of businesses to grow larger and better but also because of the ever growing unique needs and wants of consumers. These unique needs are a result of high level of awareness amongst consumers, which in turn is because of immense media proliferation, through internet, social networking sites, television, radio, print media, telephones etc (Top Ten Trends for Healthcare & Wellness in 2012 | HealthFlock). An aware consumer comprehends his needs better, identifies what is his requirement, and marketers or on large businesses, face the challenge to get into that consumer’s mind identify his needs and come up with such a combination of products and services as to satisfy that particular segment of large target market and sustain their aggressive approach towards understanding consumer needs (Top Ten Trends for Healthcare & Wellness in 2012 | HealthFlock). ... ellness is different in a way that it almost created a new canvas for itself to inflate in the industry that was a part of cosmetic beauty and medicine industry yet very different because of the amalgamation of ideas being brought together to generate the need in the minds of consumers (Market Trends Project More Growth for Wellness Industry | Company News | Wellsource). This was not an easy task to generate a need for a product or service which has many indirect competitors coming from several other fields of life and business, besides that the product offered was not a commodity but a luxury availed by the elites of societies, who had reserves of unlimited disposable income available to them all the time. A swift transition can strengthen the base of industry. Transition of health and wellness services to be perceived as an essential commodity for personal care, from the establishment time concept of it being a luxury item made for the entertainment of elitist classes of societies. Before moving on a few fact and figures related to industry, one must not forget to mention about the logic of ‘The Wellness Guru’, Paul Zane Pilzer, in his book ‘The Next Trillion’ claims that ‘more than half of the US population is unhealthy and overweight’ because of the health and wellness industry and the exponential growth in food industry (The Wellness Revolution). According to Paul Zane Pilzers’ ‘The Wellness Revolution’ $1.5 trillion of the US economy today is emerging from the wellness sector of the nation (The Wellness Revolution), while the Guru also extrapolates these figures to generate an estimated amount of $1 trillion additional to be invested in the sector by the end of year 2010, with the motive of ensuring a healthier, prettier and long lasting fresh

Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Friendship is significant as despite being rare in the America that the novel describes, friendship is able to exist between George and Lennie, despite under the crushing forced authority exerted by Curley who attempts to intimidate them and mock them. The forced authority also demonstrates that the trust in American society has been broken, similarly to how the depression resulted in people not willing to help other people out. This lack of trust is built upon. Another view which the reader is given is that in general society, there is a tendency for people to be lonely due to the lack of trust. Evidence of this is given by the appearance of Curley’s wife, who is simply referred to as Curley’s wife, without a name; there is a split in the equality of genders and she is expected to do simple jobs at home rather than working on a farm. Another side shown to the reader of Curley’s wife is her loneliness; the theme of loneliness as a contrast to friendship is repeatedly shown, such as when Candy describes her someone who ‘got the eye’, and that he ‘seen her give Slim the eye’ and ‘give Carlson the eye’. The fact that she is seen to be deliberately staying around George and Lennie, as if to catch their attention suggests the desperation that arose from loneliness, and how far people are willing to go in order to become happy: â€Å"Oh! †¦ You the new fellas†¦? Nobody can’t blame a person for lookin’† The theme of loneliness directly contrasts with the theme of friendship in the text, and in this way the importance of friendship is made significant as the friendship between George and Lennie proves to help them escape from the cycle of loneliness and desperation many other people faced at the time, one example being George’s protective nature when he demands that Lennie doesn’t take ‘a look at that bitch’, care which Lennie would not receive if it were not for friendship and care that other people did not receive. Further evidence of the breakdown in the society of America is given when Slim describes the situation as ‘maybe ever’body in the whole damn world is scared of each other’, and that it was a rarity for ‘guys (to) travel around together’, showing the lack of friendship. Slim eventually gives further evidence for this, saying that it is ‘funny how you an’ him string along together’, when the people ‘never seem to give a damn about nobody’, and especially when Lennie’s mental capacity is limited yet George insists on travelling with him: â€Å"It jus’ seems kinda funny a cuckoo like him and a smart little guy like you travelin’ together†, once again emphasising the significance of George and Lennie’s unique friendship. The unfriendliness in society can be seen building up into physical violence, represented by the fight between Curley and Lennie. Curley, who attempts to intimidate Lennie and eventually results in physically attacking him: â€Å"Curley†¦slashed at Lennie†¦blood welled from his nose†¦George†¦make ‘um leave me alone, George† Another contrast between friendship and lack of friendship is made; Lennie is seen to rely on George in order to help him while Curley is left alone to defend for himself, and this is significant as it proves how their friendship will eventually help them in their struggles. George and Lennie share a unique friendship in which they make up for each other’s flaws. George is presented as the cleverer of the two, while Lennie is presented as the stronger of the two. Despite the hostile society of depression era America, the friendship between the two characters is significant as it is a rarity for two people to be able to continue a friendship in a harsh time period where people were left to fend for themselves, and often had no family to accompany them. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs

Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs Private Members Golf Clubs: the Need to Compete in an Increasingly More Commercial Environment. The world learns through experience, but living in an image-conscious world may prevent one from learning through his experiences. This is apparently a dilemma considering the fact that one lives in an age of post modernism; a stage during which signs mask reality, and one is often deceived through image-promoting strategies. This is true to say because of the fact that signs, logos and big names are now common, and people are often lured into believing the authenticity of different products because of the promotions they have. Consumer behaviour is considerably dependent on promotion of products; the manner in which products are promoted directly influences customer behaviour. Each medium used for promotion has its own impact, and the one that is believed to have a tremendous impact is the Internet. It is believed to boost promotions and sales greatly, and it helps customers in their first step before actually checking a car out. It is through the advertisements on line that they may be attracted and then move towards checking a vehicle out physically at a show room. It is this behaviour that has helped boost the automotive industry significantly. In fact it must be asserted that prior to globalization, consumer behaviour was observed as having a major effect on the development of nations. This is because it helps boost the economy internally as well as having its impact externally. Prior to the 1940s and 1950s, there was no such aim because of the fact that there were many problems that the country was faced with internally. Socially there were different levels on which the UK had to bring the people together. And perhaps during that time no one had come up with such an idea to divert the attention of the people, which occurred during the 1950s. From this era began to the shift towards an improved way of life that would take the country into an entirely different era. This era today is called globalization, a phenomenon that brought many parts of the world together through faster communication systems. Globalization has in fact resulted due to the fact that communication systems have been boosted in recent years. This is also the reason why the present age that people live in is called ‘the age of communication’. The world in which one lives today is indeed a fast-paced one. This fast-paced environment has evolved because of various actions, each of them interacting and producing a variety of results, and creating effects that favour the current situations today. This may all sound complex, but in truth, it may be simply described as a vast number of actions causing a very situation that one witnesses today. This complex situation does not mean that there is total chaos because there is infect an organized system in place. This organized system is one that helps many countries stay in contact with each other. However, the system is not one that favours friendship, but actually focuses on economic gains; countries are motivated in this system to work towards their own gain. They stay in touch with each other for the purpose of suiting their own needs. It is obvious that they would not do things one charitable basis for another country when they could actually invest time and money in bettering their own conditions. Due to the availability of the Internet, countries are able to remain in close touch and trade easily. Online communications have facilitated countries well enough in order to raise their standards of living, and it is on the basis of this tat many people have turned their lives around. Aside from the globalized environment within which one may operate with the help of the Internet, it must be asserted that there are also other means of keeping in touch with other countries. Transportation for one is an important means of remaining in touch and working with other people. In view of this, it must be asserted that the businesses and other operations can be enhanced this way. With speedy communication on their side, a business has better scope of advancing. It must be realized that competition is facilitated well in the global system, and the globalized features aid countries in participating indifferent kinds of competition whether it is business, sports or admixture of the two. In view of sports and business in the form of admixture, it must be asserted that there is great focus on the business part of the mixture. Without this greater emphasis, the sport will not survive at the international level. One may take any sport into consideration here. Soccer for example, as it has a great deal of finance involved in it. Players are highly paid these days, and their reputations are at high-stake because of these high fees they are paid. In addition to this there is the international attention drawn, which in a way causes more stress, but also helps the financial part of the (sports) business. Other sports also have similar features in their business environment. Cricket is another example, and this game is still believed to be in its infancy as far as the financial aspect is considered. Having asserted that sports such as cricket and football are sports that have strong business sides to them, there are other sports that are believed to have similar scope. One example is golf; this is a prestigious and dignified game that has the potential of earning much more than others sports. In its current condition, it is doing well, and players at the professional level are paid well too. However, there is more scope, and considering expansion of this game, it must be asserted that more players can be encompassed globally; they may be paid well and therefore their talents may not go undiscovered or wasted. Considering this, it is important to consider the importance of including players from various levels. Private clubs is a great place to begin. This is because there is so much undiscovered talent within these clubs. Often, there are players with immense experience who pass most of their lives without being given a chance to prove themselves at the professional level. It is thought that if these individuals are somehow exposed through better organizational arrangement, both golf from private clubs as well as the players, will benefit. The popularity of the game would increase and there would be more people participating in it. This in turn means that there would naturally be greater competition. Abstract: Competition is considered to be a great way of promoting a sport or anything that demands the participation of more than one person. Competition is believed to be the best means of earning in the financial world. Aside from the financial part of the arrangement, there is also the reputation of an activity that comes into play. It must be asserted that there is immense scope for both popularity and financial gain through competitive environments, and the same thing applies to golf at the private golf club level. In a competitive environment regarding sports today, it must be asserted that there is marketing and promotional strategies are important. Proper management is another important aspect that comes into play, and it is known that sports at the international level cannot survive without it. There are various aspects that come into the managerial tactics as well, and these all have their levels of success depending on the conditions and the market targeted. Also, in view of marketing, promotion and management of sports at the International or professional level it must be asserted that the strategies are similar to handling other kinds of business. Making use of these strategies in sports promotion is believed to be beneficial for the game as well as players and the countries they come from. Therefore, competing in a more commercial environment is important for sports like golf too, and their private clubs may compete in such environments in order to popularize the game, pay the players well and earn greater revenue especially where the game is hosted. Methodology: In order to achieve as much information about sports and managing sports in a competitive environment, detailed research has to be conducted and analysed. In addition to researching information on sports and managing sports, there is need to understand the chances of succeeding in a commercial environment. When it comes to promoting sport that is not as popular as cricket or football, there is a great deal that needs to be reviewed and understood. There are many things that need to be taken into consideration including risks and chances of success. It is through reviewing pertinent literature and applying it to golf and its current position that would help to give one an idea of what future it could possibly have. Also, studying typical managerial plans and theories reveal the extent to which sports promotion is influenced by them. Some of these theories and strategies could easily apply to promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Aside from these internal methods of studying the promotion of golf in a more commercial environment, there are also external ones. In addition to reviewing pertinent literature, there is also a need to consider and understand the environmental factors. This refers to the external conditions that may influence the success or failure of promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Analysing both the external and internal influences would help one to observe the chances of success along with the need to go ahead and dose. It is important to promote golf in a more commercial environment because of the fact that there is plenty of scope to do so. Like other international and popular sports golf may be promoted in a more commercial environment through proper management strategies. In asserting this, it must be emphasized that there is a great deal to gain from its promotion, as the sport, the participants and those that host the events gain tremendously. Literature Review Theory: The manner in which a sport or any other kind of activity is promoted directly affects it. Hence there is a need for management to be aware of what it has in its plans for promotion. This strongly refers to the environments created as well as the tactics used. To begin with, leadership in this regard is most important, as it can determine the success or failure of promotion to a great extent. The world has reached a stage at which everything is close-knit. There are several bodies and structures that interact with each other that appear to be systematic. Globalization for instance is something has many countries, organizations and institutions operating together. Each of the components in the globalization process exists for its self and is self-driven, yet the system functions. In this regard, one might assert that markets of different types and sizes function in a similar manner. The motive industry is an example with its visible effects. Consumers are actively participating in the industry activity, making it an increasingly viable one for people to invest in. The services and products are known to be quite reliable with an immense amount interesting them. In recent years this has been the case and in time to come it’s expected that there is going to be even more interest in particular industries. Systems of control are ones that need to be in place so that processes remain in view and are understand completely. This is a necessary step in any commercial line because it helps management know what exactly is going on in a particular organization. Indeed, the management needs to know what is going on in order to manage their businesses more effectively. In simple terms, the more knowledge that one has of his other company, the more likely s/he is to take appropriate measures for future betterment. As opposed to this, when the management does not know what exactly is going on it becomes difficult for them to take decisions. This is because they do not know whether the decisions they take will have adverse effects on their organization. In view of this, it is considered most important that the management knows and understands processes thoroughly. In order to make sure that they know what is going on they have to have some kind of system in place that would cater to their needs. When it comes to managing a company more effectively, it must be asserted that there is need to recognize particular activity. Developing such a system would be of immense use, and if implemented successfully, a company would be able to trace out organizational activity in every respect and measure the economic impact that each of these actions has. In view of this, management models may be implemented to determine cost values for particular activity within a company. There are several methods that might be employed to do this, and each has its own level of credibility. Newer methods of handling anything are introduced in order to produce intended effects that are better than previous ones. People would not persist with newer systems if they believed that they were not effective and profitable. Older systems that are overshadowed cannot be brought back if newer systems are more effective. In this regard, if answer system takes time for people to adjust to, plans are developed in order to make sure that they are ameliorated in order to make use of them to their maximum potential. Indeed, there are several newer systems being employed in various fields. These fields need to overview and understand what these systems are in order to appreciate their benefits. In understanding thee benefits, the basic principles on which they function need to be assessed. To begin with, the environment(internal as well as external) is an important point to discuss. A cordial environment is usually seen as the most appropriate one to ensure an organization maximum gain. In this way, participants(individuals who play as well as those that manage the game of golf in private clubs) learn to perform better without any feeling of being compelled. In this way, they learn to be committed when they see that the leaders of the organization are not pressurizing them. This is infect a learning process that takes time. According to Singe, human beings are born learners, and the environment that each human being is brought up in defines the formation of a personality. The process of socialization is the key to changing the natural generative learning abilities into adaptive learning skills. Applying this to golf promotion means that individuals also learn the value of socializing through golf and understand the processes involved. The human being is portrayed as being one that is programmable, and then carries out duties as expected by the management. This is true as far as picking up the basics is concerned. If an individual has to learn the basics at the age of twenty it is indeed a momentous task. However, what Singe is talking about isn’t about basics, but refers tithe adaptation of an educated individual into an environment that enables him to grasp more. Hence promoting golf in a more commercial environment means that individuals learn to accept things here as their basics. As they rise to a higher professional level they would be used to all the processes and have less pressure. In view of this, Senge’s theory is one that may be consciously or subconsciously employed. In places where changes are necessary and participants find it difficult to conform, it’s often seen that when there is a need for human beings to accept a new surrounding to work in, one way or another they manage to do so. This may be because of hegemonies attitude by the managers. However, Singe essentially refers to the conscious setting by managers who wish to obtain the maximum benefit in accordance with Senge’s theory. Being aware of the way that human beings can learn more and be more productive as a result, managers try to set an environment that is cordial so that it may accommodate all its participants (Larsen, 1996). The environment so created is one that gets the participants to do what the managers want, but with the feeling that the employees themselves are free to behave or work according to their own likes. By this, it does not mean that they can come and go as they please and do whatever they want. There are certainly corporate rules that they must follow, but at the same time they assume that they are well supported and well dealt with by their superiors. Part of the learning organization’s jobs to include team members into the various phases of the promotion or production process. By including team members in the various processes of a production process, they are more enlightened about the way that their role affects the outcome of production, and this is why they are termed fully awakened (Larsen, 1996). This state of being fully awakened has been likened to the way that children are adaptive. Children, at a learning age are able to adapt themselves to different environments easily. It has been argued that the same adaptive nature persists virtually throughout ones whole life, even if they are uncomfortable with an environment at first. On being psychologically at ease with an environment, individuals learn to accept the situation. But this is only the first phase in moving toward learning organizations according to Singe (Singe, 1990). Singe emphasizes that adapting isn’t the centre-most issue of attaining learning environment, the impulse to learn are more important and deeper. The impulse to learn is something that needs to be stimulated, and this is done through a provocative environment. Singe says that the impulse to learn is far more than desires to respond and adapt appropriately to change in environment. It is important first of all then to stimulate interest if effective adaptation is desired of the employees. This is the reason why it is first of all important that an organization attracts its employees with its changes so that they may automatically take interest, thereby making the process of adaptation easier. In the same way, this process of employees taking more interesting their work has resulted in a more focus on generative learning, which is about creating, Creativity is perhaps one of the desired end results of an environmental change, along with adapting to changes in the environment. The concept is actually simple. What managers are actually doing by creating a stimulating environment is that they are diverting the attention of their employees away from the problems they may be undergoing. When managers for instance try to show their employees their friendly side it does not necessarily mean that they are being nice to them personally, but are doing so in order to make them feel comfortable. By making them feel more comfortable the organization stands a far better chance of being able to gain more. This is because of the fact that when an employee feels comfortable s/he can be far more creative in contrast to when s/he is under pressure. In recent years, the approach to promoting productivity has been one that makes use of a cordial environment. This is the reason for the numerous successes that organizations have had. In these organizations it has been seen that the reason for success is the greater involvement of employees in all kinds of routine work. In this way the employees do not get saturated. They avoid saturation due to being allowed to follow the processes that are carried out right up till a product is completed. Along with being involved in all the steps and are kept busying these, they also keep on learning more and more about the production of goods and the organization they work in. This stimulates creativity as they begin to devise more effective ways to ameliorate production. Two-way management welcomes these ideas, which further enhance the cordial environment thereby promoting more creativity (Learning Organization and Knowledge, 2002). The task of promoting creativity is one that is acted upon and not carried out by an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is the status that one earns through being able to see through tasks through conditions that’s/he recognizes as favourable. The job of such a person is indeed one of the highest responsibilities in the corporate world. An entrepreneur is one that has to weigh all the pros and cons of strategy so that the most appropriate decisions are taken. An entrepreneur is an individual that is supposed to carry out the same kind of duties but the essential difference is that s/he is associated with internet-related business. This means that these are the individuals that create business offers on the Internet. They have to make sure that the overall working of their business is smooth. This is because they are the direct winners or losers of their own actions, which are in turn a result of the strategies they adopt. These strategies that are adopted by entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs are ones that are a result of thoughtful consideration. This is only possible for them when they go through various troubles and means to get where they wants to, along with ensuring that they do not make mistake along the way. The characteristic that is so important to be an entrepreneur is to be cautious and painstaking. Without this kind of approach to business one can never be successful. There are several factors at the beginning of quest for an entrepreneur that s/he must consider carefully. The first one of these factors is the market situation. An Entrepreneur must ask him or herself whether or not market conditions are favourable or not for investment in any business. If one plunges into a business blindly without thinking about what the market situations is then his or her efforts may result in total disaster. An entrepreneur may spend a lot of money trying to set up some kind of online e-mail business but yet it may not prove fruitful if there is no market for it. An important point that must be realized is that there can be no business if there is no market for it, and this is because of the fact that people make up the market. If there are no people willing to buy an entrepreneur’s product there can be no business. Here, it must be emphasized that there is certainly a market for golf, and it is because of this that it can be easily promoted in a more commercial environment. There can be several factors affecting this kind of situation, which may range from the climatic to political conditions, and even to geographical location. Products that do well in one of the world may not always be in demand in other parts of the world, as market situations may differ significantly. Besides scanning the market situation in terms of whether a product will be successful there are other considerations too. While checking the market situation an entrepreneur needs to be aware of what kind of competition is present and what his or her chances might be against them. It is vital to be able to calculate effectively what one’s chances are in a market where other established businesses running and selling the same product. If one fails to do this effectively and blindly invests a large amount in his or her product, assuming s/he is far ahead of the other products there could be a huge loss for the company. This also reinforces the need to be cautious when one is taking crucial decisions possibly involving a large amount of finance. By taking decisions cautiously, one may be helped with foresightedness, which is yet another important part of doing business. Foresightedness is affected by various factors. Knowledge of economic history may also play a pivotal role in the future of one’s business. This is coupled by the individual experiences of other entrepreneurs too, whose consultancy is a must. Novices must gather as much of information as possible from the experienced individuals s/he comes into contact with. This lessens the chances of a business failing to great extent and serves as the greatest precautions for a new business. In addition to all these precautions with the aid of market analysis there are other things that have to be watched over carefully by an entrepreneur, such as strategies market analysis, mission statement, long term goals, specific objectives, description of the product, product development plan, marketing strategies, operations plan and financial plan. Of course, it must also be realized that all these cannot be done on one’s own and it need a whole lot of employees to carry them out. In order to have employees one must be able to invest, which highlights the need for capital. But this capital must be handled sensibly too, and the most efficient way to do so is to hire people who are able to analyse the market situation first. Once this is done, and if the situation appears to be fruitful s/he may proceed with further investments. Investing in a business (such as golf that has an immense market to target) is a gradual process which should not be done overnight. By investing slowly, there will be stability provided to the controlling body. This is the first thing that participants need to be aware of (Do You Want to be an Entrepreneur, 1999). Leaders are in charge of ensuring the smooth running of an organization, and so, for this they have to do their utmost to ensure it. Though most people might have the impression that being in the position of a manager might mean that it is a kind of position that demands dictatorship. This is because this position demands a person tube in charge of situation, but professionally speaking there is a way of obtaining maximum output while avoiding a dictatorial atmosphere. People also sometimes feel that managers are the people who should be feared in an organization. But this is not true because it comes nowhere near the borderline of sensibly running an organization. However, the most prevalent though minor problem in managers or management is their dictatorial attitude towards subordinates. Dictatorial management is actually a sign of unhealthy leadership because it is extremely discouraging to the employees, and eventually could affect the overall working of the organization, due to the constant pressure built up over a period of time. Though managers may even be aware this practice continues in many organizations, resulting in a pressured working environment. This pressure is unlike other forms of pressure that bursts open. Although few employees may decide to leave on the spot when pressurized, most of them will wait for other favourable opportunities to come their way so that there isn’t a break in their income. Gradually, with a pressured and dissatisfying environment employee turnover can result in an organization self-destructing. While employees keep on passing in and out of organization, the organization will lose its credibility and profits too, and in the end, it is the managers and not the employees who will suffer. Management in this sense has to learn how to cope with increasing problems as globalization has taken place. The expansion that has been witnessed today in organizational structure is an effect of globalization too because they are spreading almost all over the world. As Organizations expand it is understood that they tend to face problems in efficiency. These problems need to be handled carefully in logical manner so that smooth running of the organization can be restored to the way it was when it was located in its originating country. For this to be handled effectively, communication also needs to be of the highest level. Problems in efficiency may emerge due to the lack of communication or the lack of skills with newer personnel employed in the firm. This is because they are not aware of exactly what the cultural atmosphere was at the original location of the firm. Since they have been newly employed they are bound to face problems such as these. Communication in managing any type of organization sis important, and when it comes to promoting sports people are normally not aware of the intense amount of communication that has to be included. This is because of the fact that many people think that sports are not something that is all that serious. However, the fact is that sports may not be a serious thing on its own, but when it comes to managing team or more than one team, and if there financial matters involved, the situation is quite different. Financial matters make things more serious than they already are, and this is because of the fact that there are risk factors involved automatically. There tends to be a lot more pressure than there usually is and as a result the pressure finally comes down on the shoulders of the players who represent a particular club. The soccer and cricket players experience this to a great extent so much so that there is now need to cope with the psychological strains of the game. Sports in recent times, because of the competition and money involved, has been the result of great stress on players. Some end up under-forming well while others crumble under pressure. However, strategies of dealing with these pressures are implemented successfully as well. It must be emphasized that dealing with stress is in fact a major part of the leadership process. If the leadership is not good enough it can be said that there will automatically be more stress. Much of the process of coping with stress comes from the leadership. If the leadership is weak then there would be more stress, and if the leadership is string and presents itself properly as a force to sub-ordinates stress will be handles more easily. Hence, it is important to lead a company properly. In handling one’s sub-ordinates well there will be better productivity. With the passage of time, a company can grow confident, and since it is the private golf clubs that are of central importance, it must be said that the confidence level of the players as well as the management would improve. Strengthening the leadership of an organization automatically means that operations will be handled well, which in turn means that there will be financial gain at the end. In addition to this there won’t be a shortage of executives if organizations indulge in setting up proper training plans for their apt employees. These plans should be implemented both, at home and abroad too so that uniformity is maintained throughout the organization. It is also essential that trainers do not get polarized in any one location geographically speaking. They should be allowed to exercise their skills and implement them wherever possible. This means that they will also gain maximum teaching experience which they can share with whoever the work with and teach. Three leadership techniques that have been found to increase the performance of an organization: 1) An efficient and lean organization; 2) A talent management plan that focuses on attracting and retaining high-performing individuals; and 3) A performance management program that â€Å"rewards employees who meet set goals† (Dorgan, Dowdy, 2002) From the above points one can see that the major problem that lies in organizations spreading into other cultures is the internal conflict, but aside from the internal conflicts the trend of marketing American products abroad is one that is patronized by the people of those cultures. It is the people that make this possible, as human beings are almost always ready for a change especially if it isn’t going to harm them. Accepting new trends that are already in vogue in other neighboring countries is something that further motivates people into welcoming UK products. However, this is not only the case with receiving UK products in Asian countries. Extending considerations for financial gain with regard to the golf profession there are many angles to take. Aside from simplistic theories that expose the need to enhance golf at private clubs in more commercial environments, there are p Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs Commercial Aspects of Golf Clubs Private Members Golf Clubs: the Need to Compete in an Increasingly More Commercial Environment. The world learns through experience, but living in an image-conscious world may prevent one from learning through his experiences. This is apparently a dilemma considering the fact that one lives in an age of post modernism; a stage during which signs mask reality, and one is often deceived through image-promoting strategies. This is true to say because of the fact that signs, logos and big names are now common, and people are often lured into believing the authenticity of different products because of the promotions they have. Consumer behaviour is considerably dependent on promotion of products; the manner in which products are promoted directly influences customer behaviour. Each medium used for promotion has its own impact, and the one that is believed to have a tremendous impact is the Internet. It is believed to boost promotions and sales greatly, and it helps customers in their first step before actually checking a car out. It is through the advertisements on line that they may be attracted and then move towards checking a vehicle out physically at a show room. It is this behaviour that has helped boost the automotive industry significantly. In fact it must be asserted that prior to globalization, consumer behaviour was observed as having a major effect on the development of nations. This is because it helps boost the economy internally as well as having its impact externally. Prior to the 1940s and 1950s, there was no such aim because of the fact that there were many problems that the country was faced with internally. Socially there were different levels on which the UK had to bring the people together. And perhaps during that time no one had come up with such an idea to divert the attention of the people, which occurred during the 1950s. From this era began to the shift towards an improved way of life that would take the country into an entirely different era. This era today is called globalization, a phenomenon that brought many parts of the world together through faster communication systems. Globalization has in fact resulted due to the fact that communication systems have been boosted in recent years. This is also the reason why the present age that people live in is called ‘the age of communication’. The world in which one lives today is indeed a fast-paced one. This fast-paced environment has evolved because of various actions, each of them interacting and producing a variety of results, and creating effects that favour the current situations today. This may all sound complex, but in truth, it may be simply described as a vast number of actions causing a very situation that one witnesses today. This complex situation does not mean that there is total chaos because there is infect an organized system in place. This organized system is one that helps many countries stay in contact with each other. However, the system is not one that favours friendship, but actually focuses on economic gains; countries are motivated in this system to work towards their own gain. They stay in touch with each other for the purpose of suiting their own needs. It is obvious that they would not do things one charitable basis for another country when they could actually invest time and money in bettering their own conditions. Due to the availability of the Internet, countries are able to remain in close touch and trade easily. Online communications have facilitated countries well enough in order to raise their standards of living, and it is on the basis of this tat many people have turned their lives around. Aside from the globalized environment within which one may operate with the help of the Internet, it must be asserted that there are also other means of keeping in touch with other countries. Transportation for one is an important means of remaining in touch and working with other people. In view of this, it must be asserted that the businesses and other operations can be enhanced this way. With speedy communication on their side, a business has better scope of advancing. It must be realized that competition is facilitated well in the global system, and the globalized features aid countries in participating indifferent kinds of competition whether it is business, sports or admixture of the two. In view of sports and business in the form of admixture, it must be asserted that there is great focus on the business part of the mixture. Without this greater emphasis, the sport will not survive at the international level. One may take any sport into consideration here. Soccer for example, as it has a great deal of finance involved in it. Players are highly paid these days, and their reputations are at high-stake because of these high fees they are paid. In addition to this there is the international attention drawn, which in a way causes more stress, but also helps the financial part of the (sports) business. Other sports also have similar features in their business environment. Cricket is another example, and this game is still believed to be in its infancy as far as the financial aspect is considered. Having asserted that sports such as cricket and football are sports that have strong business sides to them, there are other sports that are believed to have similar scope. One example is golf; this is a prestigious and dignified game that has the potential of earning much more than others sports. In its current condition, it is doing well, and players at the professional level are paid well too. However, there is more scope, and considering expansion of this game, it must be asserted that more players can be encompassed globally; they may be paid well and therefore their talents may not go undiscovered or wasted. Considering this, it is important to consider the importance of including players from various levels. Private clubs is a great place to begin. This is because there is so much undiscovered talent within these clubs. Often, there are players with immense experience who pass most of their lives without being given a chance to prove themselves at the professional level. It is thought that if these individuals are somehow exposed through better organizational arrangement, both golf from private clubs as well as the players, will benefit. The popularity of the game would increase and there would be more people participating in it. This in turn means that there would naturally be greater competition. Abstract: Competition is considered to be a great way of promoting a sport or anything that demands the participation of more than one person. Competition is believed to be the best means of earning in the financial world. Aside from the financial part of the arrangement, there is also the reputation of an activity that comes into play. It must be asserted that there is immense scope for both popularity and financial gain through competitive environments, and the same thing applies to golf at the private golf club level. In a competitive environment regarding sports today, it must be asserted that there is marketing and promotional strategies are important. Proper management is another important aspect that comes into play, and it is known that sports at the international level cannot survive without it. There are various aspects that come into the managerial tactics as well, and these all have their levels of success depending on the conditions and the market targeted. Also, in view of marketing, promotion and management of sports at the International or professional level it must be asserted that the strategies are similar to handling other kinds of business. Making use of these strategies in sports promotion is believed to be beneficial for the game as well as players and the countries they come from. Therefore, competing in a more commercial environment is important for sports like golf too, and their private clubs may compete in such environments in order to popularize the game, pay the players well and earn greater revenue especially where the game is hosted. Methodology: In order to achieve as much information about sports and managing sports in a competitive environment, detailed research has to be conducted and analysed. In addition to researching information on sports and managing sports, there is need to understand the chances of succeeding in a commercial environment. When it comes to promoting sport that is not as popular as cricket or football, there is a great deal that needs to be reviewed and understood. There are many things that need to be taken into consideration including risks and chances of success. It is through reviewing pertinent literature and applying it to golf and its current position that would help to give one an idea of what future it could possibly have. Also, studying typical managerial plans and theories reveal the extent to which sports promotion is influenced by them. Some of these theories and strategies could easily apply to promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Aside from these internal methods of studying the promotion of golf in a more commercial environment, there are also external ones. In addition to reviewing pertinent literature, there is also a need to consider and understand the environmental factors. This refers to the external conditions that may influence the success or failure of promoting golf in a more commercial environment. Analysing both the external and internal influences would help one to observe the chances of success along with the need to go ahead and dose. It is important to promote golf in a more commercial environment because of the fact that there is plenty of scope to do so. Like other international and popular sports golf may be promoted in a more commercial environment through proper management strategies. In asserting this, it must be emphasized that there is a great deal to gain from its promotion, as the sport, the participants and those that host the events gain tremendously. Literature Review Theory: The manner in which a sport or any other kind of activity is promoted directly affects it. Hence there is a need for management to be aware of what it has in its plans for promotion. This strongly refers to the environments created as well as the tactics used. To begin with, leadership in this regard is most important, as it can determine the success or failure of promotion to a great extent. The world has reached a stage at which everything is close-knit. There are several bodies and structures that interact with each other that appear to be systematic. Globalization for instance is something has many countries, organizations and institutions operating together. Each of the components in the globalization process exists for its self and is self-driven, yet the system functions. In this regard, one might assert that markets of different types and sizes function in a similar manner. The motive industry is an example with its visible effects. Consumers are actively participating in the industry activity, making it an increasingly viable one for people to invest in. The services and products are known to be quite reliable with an immense amount interesting them. In recent years this has been the case and in time to come it’s expected that there is going to be even more interest in particular industries. Systems of control are ones that need to be in place so that processes remain in view and are understand completely. This is a necessary step in any commercial line because it helps management know what exactly is going on in a particular organization. Indeed, the management needs to know what is going on in order to manage their businesses more effectively. In simple terms, the more knowledge that one has of his other company, the more likely s/he is to take appropriate measures for future betterment. As opposed to this, when the management does not know what exactly is going on it becomes difficult for them to take decisions. This is because they do not know whether the decisions they take will have adverse effects on their organization. In view of this, it is considered most important that the management knows and understands processes thoroughly. In order to make sure that they know what is going on they have to have some kind of system in place that would cater to their needs. When it comes to managing a company more effectively, it must be asserted that there is need to recognize particular activity. Developing such a system would be of immense use, and if implemented successfully, a company would be able to trace out organizational activity in every respect and measure the economic impact that each of these actions has. In view of this, management models may be implemented to determine cost values for particular activity within a company. There are several methods that might be employed to do this, and each has its own level of credibility. Newer methods of handling anything are introduced in order to produce intended effects that are better than previous ones. People would not persist with newer systems if they believed that they were not effective and profitable. Older systems that are overshadowed cannot be brought back if newer systems are more effective. In this regard, if answer system takes time for people to adjust to, plans are developed in order to make sure that they are ameliorated in order to make use of them to their maximum potential. Indeed, there are several newer systems being employed in various fields. These fields need to overview and understand what these systems are in order to appreciate their benefits. In understanding thee benefits, the basic principles on which they function need to be assessed. To begin with, the environment(internal as well as external) is an important point to discuss. A cordial environment is usually seen as the most appropriate one to ensure an organization maximum gain. In this way, participants(individuals who play as well as those that manage the game of golf in private clubs) learn to perform better without any feeling of being compelled. In this way, they learn to be committed when they see that the leaders of the organization are not pressurizing them. This is infect a learning process that takes time. According to Singe, human beings are born learners, and the environment that each human being is brought up in defines the formation of a personality. The process of socialization is the key to changing the natural generative learning abilities into adaptive learning skills. Applying this to golf promotion means that individuals also learn the value of socializing through golf and understand the processes involved. The human being is portrayed as being one that is programmable, and then carries out duties as expected by the management. This is true as far as picking up the basics is concerned. If an individual has to learn the basics at the age of twenty it is indeed a momentous task. However, what Singe is talking about isn’t about basics, but refers tithe adaptation of an educated individual into an environment that enables him to grasp more. Hence promoting golf in a more commercial environment means that individuals learn to accept things here as their basics. As they rise to a higher professional level they would be used to all the processes and have less pressure. In view of this, Senge’s theory is one that may be consciously or subconsciously employed. In places where changes are necessary and participants find it difficult to conform, it’s often seen that when there is a need for human beings to accept a new surrounding to work in, one way or another they manage to do so. This may be because of hegemonies attitude by the managers. However, Singe essentially refers to the conscious setting by managers who wish to obtain the maximum benefit in accordance with Senge’s theory. Being aware of the way that human beings can learn more and be more productive as a result, managers try to set an environment that is cordial so that it may accommodate all its participants (Larsen, 1996). The environment so created is one that gets the participants to do what the managers want, but with the feeling that the employees themselves are free to behave or work according to their own likes. By this, it does not mean that they can come and go as they please and do whatever they want. There are certainly corporate rules that they must follow, but at the same time they assume that they are well supported and well dealt with by their superiors. Part of the learning organization’s jobs to include team members into the various phases of the promotion or production process. By including team members in the various processes of a production process, they are more enlightened about the way that their role affects the outcome of production, and this is why they are termed fully awakened (Larsen, 1996). This state of being fully awakened has been likened to the way that children are adaptive. Children, at a learning age are able to adapt themselves to different environments easily. It has been argued that the same adaptive nature persists virtually throughout ones whole life, even if they are uncomfortable with an environment at first. On being psychologically at ease with an environment, individuals learn to accept the situation. But this is only the first phase in moving toward learning organizations according to Singe (Singe, 1990). Singe emphasizes that adapting isn’t the centre-most issue of attaining learning environment, the impulse to learn are more important and deeper. The impulse to learn is something that needs to be stimulated, and this is done through a provocative environment. Singe says that the impulse to learn is far more than desires to respond and adapt appropriately to change in environment. It is important first of all then to stimulate interest if effective adaptation is desired of the employees. This is the reason why it is first of all important that an organization attracts its employees with its changes so that they may automatically take interest, thereby making the process of adaptation easier. In the same way, this process of employees taking more interesting their work has resulted in a more focus on generative learning, which is about creating, Creativity is perhaps one of the desired end results of an environmental change, along with adapting to changes in the environment. The concept is actually simple. What managers are actually doing by creating a stimulating environment is that they are diverting the attention of their employees away from the problems they may be undergoing. When managers for instance try to show their employees their friendly side it does not necessarily mean that they are being nice to them personally, but are doing so in order to make them feel comfortable. By making them feel more comfortable the organization stands a far better chance of being able to gain more. This is because of the fact that when an employee feels comfortable s/he can be far more creative in contrast to when s/he is under pressure. In recent years, the approach to promoting productivity has been one that makes use of a cordial environment. This is the reason for the numerous successes that organizations have had. In these organizations it has been seen that the reason for success is the greater involvement of employees in all kinds of routine work. In this way the employees do not get saturated. They avoid saturation due to being allowed to follow the processes that are carried out right up till a product is completed. Along with being involved in all the steps and are kept busying these, they also keep on learning more and more about the production of goods and the organization they work in. This stimulates creativity as they begin to devise more effective ways to ameliorate production. Two-way management welcomes these ideas, which further enhance the cordial environment thereby promoting more creativity (Learning Organization and Knowledge, 2002). The task of promoting creativity is one that is acted upon and not carried out by an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is the status that one earns through being able to see through tasks through conditions that’s/he recognizes as favourable. The job of such a person is indeed one of the highest responsibilities in the corporate world. An entrepreneur is one that has to weigh all the pros and cons of strategy so that the most appropriate decisions are taken. An entrepreneur is an individual that is supposed to carry out the same kind of duties but the essential difference is that s/he is associated with internet-related business. This means that these are the individuals that create business offers on the Internet. They have to make sure that the overall working of their business is smooth. This is because they are the direct winners or losers of their own actions, which are in turn a result of the strategies they adopt. These strategies that are adopted by entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs are ones that are a result of thoughtful consideration. This is only possible for them when they go through various troubles and means to get where they wants to, along with ensuring that they do not make mistake along the way. The characteristic that is so important to be an entrepreneur is to be cautious and painstaking. Without this kind of approach to business one can never be successful. There are several factors at the beginning of quest for an entrepreneur that s/he must consider carefully. The first one of these factors is the market situation. An Entrepreneur must ask him or herself whether or not market conditions are favourable or not for investment in any business. If one plunges into a business blindly without thinking about what the market situations is then his or her efforts may result in total disaster. An entrepreneur may spend a lot of money trying to set up some kind of online e-mail business but yet it may not prove fruitful if there is no market for it. An important point that must be realized is that there can be no business if there is no market for it, and this is because of the fact that people make up the market. If there are no people willing to buy an entrepreneur’s product there can be no business. Here, it must be emphasized that there is certainly a market for golf, and it is because of this that it can be easily promoted in a more commercial environment. There can be several factors affecting this kind of situation, which may range from the climatic to political conditions, and even to geographical location. Products that do well in one of the world may not always be in demand in other parts of the world, as market situations may differ significantly. Besides scanning the market situation in terms of whether a product will be successful there are other considerations too. While checking the market situation an entrepreneur needs to be aware of what kind of competition is present and what his or her chances might be against them. It is vital to be able to calculate effectively what one’s chances are in a market where other established businesses running and selling the same product. If one fails to do this effectively and blindly invests a large amount in his or her product, assuming s/he is far ahead of the other products there could be a huge loss for the company. This also reinforces the need to be cautious when one is taking crucial decisions possibly involving a large amount of finance. By taking decisions cautiously, one may be helped with foresightedness, which is yet another important part of doing business. Foresightedness is affected by various factors. Knowledge of economic history may also play a pivotal role in the future of one’s business. This is coupled by the individual experiences of other entrepreneurs too, whose consultancy is a must. Novices must gather as much of information as possible from the experienced individuals s/he comes into contact with. This lessens the chances of a business failing to great extent and serves as the greatest precautions for a new business. In addition to all these precautions with the aid of market analysis there are other things that have to be watched over carefully by an entrepreneur, such as strategies market analysis, mission statement, long term goals, specific objectives, description of the product, product development plan, marketing strategies, operations plan and financial plan. Of course, it must also be realized that all these cannot be done on one’s own and it need a whole lot of employees to carry them out. In order to have employees one must be able to invest, which highlights the need for capital. But this capital must be handled sensibly too, and the most efficient way to do so is to hire people who are able to analyse the market situation first. Once this is done, and if the situation appears to be fruitful s/he may proceed with further investments. Investing in a business (such as golf that has an immense market to target) is a gradual process which should not be done overnight. By investing slowly, there will be stability provided to the controlling body. This is the first thing that participants need to be aware of (Do You Want to be an Entrepreneur, 1999). Leaders are in charge of ensuring the smooth running of an organization, and so, for this they have to do their utmost to ensure it. Though most people might have the impression that being in the position of a manager might mean that it is a kind of position that demands dictatorship. This is because this position demands a person tube in charge of situation, but professionally speaking there is a way of obtaining maximum output while avoiding a dictatorial atmosphere. People also sometimes feel that managers are the people who should be feared in an organization. But this is not true because it comes nowhere near the borderline of sensibly running an organization. However, the most prevalent though minor problem in managers or management is their dictatorial attitude towards subordinates. Dictatorial management is actually a sign of unhealthy leadership because it is extremely discouraging to the employees, and eventually could affect the overall working of the organization, due to the constant pressure built up over a period of time. Though managers may even be aware this practice continues in many organizations, resulting in a pressured working environment. This pressure is unlike other forms of pressure that bursts open. Although few employees may decide to leave on the spot when pressurized, most of them will wait for other favourable opportunities to come their way so that there isn’t a break in their income. Gradually, with a pressured and dissatisfying environment employee turnover can result in an organization self-destructing. While employees keep on passing in and out of organization, the organization will lose its credibility and profits too, and in the end, it is the managers and not the employees who will suffer. Management in this sense has to learn how to cope with increasing problems as globalization has taken place. The expansion that has been witnessed today in organizational structure is an effect of globalization too because they are spreading almost all over the world. As Organizations expand it is understood that they tend to face problems in efficiency. These problems need to be handled carefully in logical manner so that smooth running of the organization can be restored to the way it was when it was located in its originating country. For this to be handled effectively, communication also needs to be of the highest level. Problems in efficiency may emerge due to the lack of communication or the lack of skills with newer personnel employed in the firm. This is because they are not aware of exactly what the cultural atmosphere was at the original location of the firm. Since they have been newly employed they are bound to face problems such as these. Communication in managing any type of organization sis important, and when it comes to promoting sports people are normally not aware of the intense amount of communication that has to be included. This is because of the fact that many people think that sports are not something that is all that serious. However, the fact is that sports may not be a serious thing on its own, but when it comes to managing team or more than one team, and if there financial matters involved, the situation is quite different. Financial matters make things more serious than they already are, and this is because of the fact that there are risk factors involved automatically. There tends to be a lot more pressure than there usually is and as a result the pressure finally comes down on the shoulders of the players who represent a particular club. The soccer and cricket players experience this to a great extent so much so that there is now need to cope with the psychological strains of the game. Sports in recent times, because of the competition and money involved, has been the result of great stress on players. Some end up under-forming well while others crumble under pressure. However, strategies of dealing with these pressures are implemented successfully as well. It must be emphasized that dealing with stress is in fact a major part of the leadership process. If the leadership is not good enough it can be said that there will automatically be more stress. Much of the process of coping with stress comes from the leadership. If the leadership is weak then there would be more stress, and if the leadership is string and presents itself properly as a force to sub-ordinates stress will be handles more easily. Hence, it is important to lead a company properly. In handling one’s sub-ordinates well there will be better productivity. With the passage of time, a company can grow confident, and since it is the private golf clubs that are of central importance, it must be said that the confidence level of the players as well as the management would improve. Strengthening the leadership of an organization automatically means that operations will be handled well, which in turn means that there will be financial gain at the end. In addition to this there won’t be a shortage of executives if organizations indulge in setting up proper training plans for their apt employees. These plans should be implemented both, at home and abroad too so that uniformity is maintained throughout the organization. It is also essential that trainers do not get polarized in any one location geographically speaking. They should be allowed to exercise their skills and implement them wherever possible. This means that they will also gain maximum teaching experience which they can share with whoever the work with and teach. Three leadership techniques that have been found to increase the performance of an organization: 1) An efficient and lean organization; 2) A talent management plan that focuses on attracting and retaining high-performing individuals; and 3) A performance management program that â€Å"rewards employees who meet set goals† (Dorgan, Dowdy, 2002) From the above points one can see that the major problem that lies in organizations spreading into other cultures is the internal conflict, but aside from the internal conflicts the trend of marketing American products abroad is one that is patronized by the people of those cultures. It is the people that make this possible, as human beings are almost always ready for a change especially if it isn’t going to harm them. Accepting new trends that are already in vogue in other neighboring countries is something that further motivates people into welcoming UK products. However, this is not only the case with receiving UK products in Asian countries. Extending considerations for financial gain with regard to the golf profession there are many angles to take. Aside from simplistic theories that expose the need to enhance golf at private clubs in more commercial environments, there are p